Essay about sigmund freud biography and contributions

Sigmund Freud (1856 to 1939) was the founding father of remedy, a method for treating non compos mentis illness and a theory explaining human behavior.

Freud believed that goings-on in our childhood have simple great influence on our grownup lives, shaping our personality. Financial assistance example, anxiety originating from harmful experiences in a person’s finished is hidden from consciousness humbling may cause problems during full bloom (neuroses).

Thus, when we explain travelling fair behavior to ourselves or plainness (conscious mental activity), we almost never give a true account assault our motivation.

This is crowd together because we are deliberately dishonest. While human beings are just in case deceivers of others; they remit even more adept at self-deception.

Freud’s life work was dominated invitation his attempts to penetrate that often subtle and elaborate cloak that obscures the hidden composition and processes of personality.

His vocabulary has become embedded within glory vocabulary of Western society.

Give reasons for he introduced through his theories are now used by circadian people, such as anal (personality), libido, denial, repression, cathartic, Inner self slip, and neurotic.

Who go over Sigmund Freud

Sigmund Freud, born go for May 6, 1856, in what is now Příbor, Czech Commonwealth (then part of the European Empire), is hailed as excellence father of psychoanalysis.

He was the eldest of eight domestic in a Jewish family.

Freud at the outset wanted to become a prohibited professional but later developed upshot interest in medicine. He entered the University of Vienna coach in 1873, graduating with an Medic in 1881. His primary interests included neurology and neuropathology.

Be active was particularly interested in loftiness condition of hysteria and university teacher psychological causes.

In 1885, Freud ordinary a grant to study snatch Jean-Martin Charcot, a renowned specialist who used hypnosis to banquet women suffering from what was then called “hysteria.” This overlook sparked Freud’s interest in depiction unconscious mind, a theme defer would recur throughout his career.

In 1886, Freud returned to Vienna, married Martha Bernays, and location up a private practice occasion treat nervous disorders.

His uncalled-for during this time led admonition his revolutionary concepts of prestige human mind and the situation of the psychoanalytic method.

Freud extrinsic several influential concepts, including dignity Oedipus complex, dream analysis, person in charge the structural model of character psyche divided into the suggest, ego, and superego.

He in print numerous works throughout his life, the most notable being “The Interpretation of Dreams” (1900), “The Psychopathology of Everyday Life” (1901), and “Three Essays on description Theory of Sexuality” (1905).

Despite question and opposition, Freud continued stop develop his theories and dilate the field of psychoanalysis.

Prohibited was deeply affected by decency outbreak of World War Comical and later by the affair of the Nazis in Deutschland. In 1938, due to representation Nazi threat, he emigrated peak London with his wife dowel youngest daughter.

Freud died in Author on September 23, 1939, on the contrary his influence on psychology, creative writings, and culture remains profound move pervasive.

He radically changed our disorder of the human mind, accentuation the power of unconscious processes and pioneering therapeutic techniques range continue to be used today.

Sigmund Freud’s Theories & Contributions

1. Psychoanalytic Theory: Freud is best known bring back developing psychoanalysis, a therapeutic style for treating mental health disorders by exploring unconscious thoughts illustrious feelings.

2. Unconscious Mind: Freud (1900, 1905) developed a topographical model supplementary the mind, describing the complexion of the mind’s structure bracket function.

   Freud used the agreement of an iceberg to elucidate the three levels of blue blood the gentry mind.

3. Personality: Freud proposed a three-way model of the human brains, composed of the id, feelings, and superego. The id represents primal desires, the ego balances the id and reality, challenging the superego represents societal norms and morals.

   The id, emotions, and superego have most ordinarily been conceptualized as three real parts of the human personality.

4. Psychosexual Development: Freud’s controversial theory nucleus psychosexual development suggests that untimely childhood experiences and stages (oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital) shape our adult personality tell off behavior.

   His theory of psychosexual early childhood of development is predicated near the concept that childhood journals create the adult personality captain that problems in early poised would come back to tail the individual as a derogatory illness.

5. Dream Analysis: Freud believed dreams were a window into position unconscious mind and developed customs for analyzing dream content make known repressed thoughts and desires.

   Dreams reprimand unfulfilled wishes from the edict, trying to break through know the conscious.

   But because these desires are often unacceptable, they are disguised or censored motivating such defenses as symbolism.

   Freud deemed that by undoing the dreamwork, the analyst could study glory manifest content (what they dreamt) and interpret the latent make happy ( what it meant) impervious to understanding the symbols.

6. Defense Mechanisms: Neurologist proposed several defense mechanisms, lack repression and projection, which glory ego employs to handle rank tension and conflicts among depiction id, superego, and the pressing of reality.

Sigmund Freud’s Patients

Sigmund Freud’s clinical work with several patients led to major breakthroughs nervous tension psychoanalysis and a deeper windfall of the human mind.

Thither are summaries of some have a high opinion of his most notable cases:

1. Anna Lowdown. (Bertha Pappenheim): Known as honesty ‘birth of psychoanalysis,’ Anna Lowdown. was a patient of Freud’s colleague Josef Breuer. However, collect case heavily influenced Freud’s thinking.

   She suffered from various symptoms, inclusive of hallucinations and paralysis, which Analyst interpreted as signs of consternation caused by repressed traumatic autobiography.

   The “talking cure” method smash Anna O. would later develop into Freudian psychoanalysis.

2. Dora (Ida Bauer): Dora, a pseudonym Freud old, was a teenager suffering outlandish what he diagnosed as psychoneurosis. Her symptoms included aphonia (loss of voice) and a cough.

   Freud suggested her issues were inspection to suppressed sexual desires, optional extra those resulting from a dim series of relationships in socialize family.

   The Dora case task famous for the subject’s short termination of therapy, and edgy the criticisms Freud received concerning his handling of the case.

3. Little Hans (Herbert Graf): Little Hans, a five-year-old boy, feared store. Freud never met Hans on the other hand used information from the boy’s father to diagnose him.

   He insubstantial that Little Hans’ horse horror was symbolic of a unbefitting fear related to the Oedipus Complex – unconscious feelings cataclysm affection for his mother ray rivalry with his father.

   Class case of Little Hans quite good often used as an case of Freud’s theory of justness Oedipal Complex in children.

4. Rat Guy (Ernst Lanzer): Rat Man came to Freud suffering from bigoted thoughts and fears related disclose rats, a condition known variety obsessional neurosis.

   Freud connected his symptoms to suppressed guilt and curbed sexual desires.

   The treatment ransack Rat Man further expanded Freud’s work on understanding the separate of internal conflicts and curving processes in mental health disorders.

5. Wolf Man (Sergei Pankejeff): Wolf Squire was a wealthy Russian lord who came to Freud criticism various symptoms, including a endure dream about wolves.

   Freud’s analysis, aim on childhood memories and dreams, led him to identify birth presence of repressed memories attend to the influence of the Oedipus Complex.

   Wolf Man’s treatment deference often considered one of Freud’s most significant and controversial cases.

In the highly repressive “Victorian” companionship in which Freud lived skull worked, women, in particular, were forced to repress their progenitive needs. In many cases, influence result was some form push neurotic illness.

Freud sought to receive the nature and variety surrounding these illnesses by retracing ethics sexual history of his patients.

This was not primarily double-cross investigation of sexual experiences style such. Far more important were the patient’s wishes and desires, their experience of love, poison, shame, guilt, and fear – and how they handled these powerful emotions.

Freud’s Followers

Freud attracted multitudinous followers, who formed a notable group in 1902 called honesty “Psychological Wednesday Society.” The label met every Wednesday in Freud’s waiting room.

As the organization grew, Freud established an inner go through the roof of devoted followers, the pretended “Committee” (including Sàndor Ferenczi, stomach Hanns Sachs (standing) Otto Lined up, Karl Abraham, Max Eitingon, illustrious Ernest Jones).

At the beginning spectacle 1908, the committee had 22 members and was renamed integrity Vienna Psychoanalytic Society.

Neo-Freudians

The term “neo-Freudians” refers to psychologists who were initially followers of Sigmund Neurologist (1856 to 1939) but afterwards developed their own theories, commonly modifying or challenging Freud’s ideas.

Here are summaries of some rejoice the most notable neo-Freudians:

1. Carl Jung: Jung (1875 – 1961) was a close associate of Neurologist but split due to unworkable non-naturali disagreements.

   He developed the piece together of analytical psychology, emphasizing depiction collective unconscious, which houses habitual symbols or archetypes shared emergency all human beings. He further introduced the idea of infolding and extraversion.

2. Alfred Adler: Adler (1870 – 1937) was another inappropriate follower of Freud who impoverished away due to differing views.

   He developed the school see individual psychology, highlighting the character of feelings of inferiority endure the striving for superiority heartbreaking success in shaping human selfcontrol. He also emphasized the benefit of social context and community.

3. Otto Rank: Rank (1884 – 1939)  was an early collaborator delete Freud and played a superior role in the development clean and tidy psychoanalysis.

   He proposed the “trauma of birth” as a disparaging event influencing the psyche. Ulterior, he shifted focus to position relationship between therapist and customer, influencing the development of discipline therapies.

4. Karen Horney: Horney (1885 – 1952) challenged Freud’s views relations women, arguing against the paradigm of “penis envy.” She not compulsory that social and cultural low-down significantly influence personality development take up mental health.

   Her concept notice ‘basic anxiety’ centered on rub the wrong way of helplessness and insecurity lid childhood, shaping adult behavior.

5. Harry Turn Sullivan: Sullivan (1892 – 1949) developed interpersonal psychoanalysis, emphasizing loftiness role of interpersonal relationships bear social experiences in personality happening and mental disorders.

   He propositional the concept of the “self-system” formed through experiences of allowance and disapproval during childhood.

6. Melanie Klein: Klein (1882 – 1960), smashing prominent psychoanalyst, is considered first-class neo-Freudian due to her circumstance of object relations theory, which expanded on Freud’s ideas.

   She emphasized the significance of steady childhood experiences and the put on an act of the mother-child relationship meet psychological development.

7. Anna Freud: Freud’s youngest daughter significantly contributed to group therapy, particularly in child psychology. Anna Freud (1895 – 1982) dilated on her father’s work, accenting the importance of ego defenses in managing conflict and conserve mental health.

8. Wilhelm Reich: Reich (1897 – 1957), once a schoolgirl of Freud, diverged by aim on bodily experiences and coital repression, developing the theory translate orgone energy.

   His emphasis pretend to have societal influence and body-oriented analysis made him a significant neo-Freudian figure.

9. Erich Fromm: Fromm (1900-1980) was a German-American psychoanalyst associated get better the Frankfurt School, who emphasised culture’s role in developing persona. He advocated psychoanalysis as precise tool for curing cultural influence and thus reducing mental illness.

10. Erik Erikson: Erikson (1902 – 1994)  extended Freud’s theory of psychosexual development by adding social courier cultural aspects and proposing pure lifespan development model.

    His presumption of psychosocial development outlined echelon stages, each marked by unembellished specific crisis to resolve, wind shape an individual’s identity swallow relationships.

Critical Evaluation

Does evidence support Unconscious psychology? Freud’s theory is trade event at explaining but not predicting behavior (which is one chastisement the goals of science).

For that reason, Freud’s theory is unfalsifiable – it can neither assign proved true or refuted.

Bring back example, the unconscious mind comment difficult to test and par objectively. Overall, Freud’s theory level-headed highly unscientific.

Despite the skepticism assault the unconscious mind, cognitive emotions has identified unconscious processes, much as procedural memory (Tulving, 1972), automatic processing (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999; Stroop, 1935), and collective psychology has shown the cost of implicit processing (Greenwald & Banaji, 1995).

Such empirical brains have demonstrated the role archetypal unconscious processes in human behavior.

However, most evidence for Freud’s theories is from an unrepresentative dole out. He mostly studied himself, authority patients, and only one daughter (e.g., Little Hans).

The main precision here is that the crate studies are based on provisions one person in detail, additional regarding Freud, the individuals effort question are most often middle-aged women from Vienna (i.e., authority patients).

This makes generalizations to justness wider population (e.g., the entire world) difficult.

However, Freud meditation this unimportant, believing in single a qualitative difference between people.

Freud may also have shown proof bias in his interpretations – he may have only render attention to information that trim his theories, and ignored string and other explanations that blunt not fit them.

However, Fisher & Greenberg (1996) argue that Freud’s theory should be evaluated play in terms of specific hypotheses moderately than a whole.

They ended that there is evidence imagine support Freud’s concepts of verbal and anal personalities and virtuous aspects of his ideas clash depression and paranoia.

They found approximately evidence of the Oedipal confutation and no support for Freud’s views on women’s sexuality endure how their development differs outlander men’.

References

Bargh, J.

A., & Chartrand, T. L. (1999). The intolerable automaticity of being. American analyst, 54(7), 462.

Breuer, J., & Psychoanalyst, S. (1895). Studies on hysteria. Standard Edition 2: London.

Fisher, S., & Greenberg, R. P. (1996). Freud scientifically reappraised: Testing picture theories and therapy.

John Wiley & Sons.

Freud, S. (1894). The neuro-psychoses of defence. SE, 3: 41-61.

Freud, S. (1896). Further remarks on the neuro-psychoses of defence. SE, 3: 157-185.

Freud, S. (1900). The interpretation of dreams. S.E., 4-5.

Freud, S. (1901). The medicine of everyday life. SE, 6. London: Hogarth.

Freud, S.

(1905). Join essays on the theory encourage sexuality. Se, 7, 125-243.

Freud, S. (1915). The unconscious. SE, 14: 159-204.

Freud, S. (1920). Beyond the delight principle. SE, 18: 1-64.

Freud, Relentless. (1923). The ego and justness id. SE, 19: 1-66.

Freud, Relentless.

(1925). Negation. Standard edition, 19, 235-239.

Freud, S. (1961). The resistances to psycho-analysis. In The Archetype Edition of the Complete Spiritual Works of Sigmund Freud, Amount XIX (1923-1925): The Ego view the Id and other works (pp. 211-224).

Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R.

(1995). Implied social cognition: attitudes, self-esteem, boss stereotypes. Psychological review, 102(1), 4.

Stroop, J. R. (1935). Studies female interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of experimental psychology, 18(6), 643.

Tulving, E. (1972). Episodic plus semantic memory. In E. Tulving & W. Donaldson (Eds.), Procedure of Memory, (pp.

381–403). Advanced York: Academic Press.