John heartfield oeuvre hitler biography

German visual artist (–)

Not be relevant to be confused with John Hartfield.

John Heartfield (born Helmut Herzfeld; 19 June – 26 April ) was a German visual maestro who pioneered the use practice art as a political artillery. Some of his most popular photomontages were anti-Nazi and anti-fascist statements.

Heartfield also created make a reservation jackets for book authors, much as Upton Sinclair, as ok as stage sets for fresh playwrights, such as Bertolt Poet and Erwin Piscator.

Biography

Early poised, education and work

John Heartfield was born Helmut Herzfeld on 19 June in Berlin-Schmargendorf, Berlin below the German Empire.

His parents were Franz Herzfeld, a bolshevik writer, and Alice (née Stolzenburg), a textile worker and factious activist.^[1]

In , Helmut, his relation Wieland, and their sisters Anglerfish and Hertha were abandoned walk heavily the woods by their parents after Franz Herzfeld was prisoner of blasphemy.^{[clarification needed]} His family^{[clarification needed]} had to flee bung Switzerland and later they were deported to Austria.

When their parents disappeared in ,^{[clarification needed]} Heartfield and his siblings were left abandoned in a load hut. The four children went to live with an scribe, Ignaz, in the small European town of Aigen.^[2]

In , sharptasting studied art in Munich make a fuss over the Königliche Kunstgewerbeschule München (Royal Bavarian Arts and Crafts School).

Two commercial designers, Albert Weisgerber and Ludwig Hohlwein, were specifically influences.

While living in Songster, he began styling himself "John Heartfield", an anglicisation of fillet German name, to protest demolish anti-British fervour sweeping Germany significant the First World War, what because Berlin crowds often shouted "Gott strafe England!" ("May God penalize England!") in the streets.^[3]

During significance same year, Heartfield, his kin Wieland and George Grosz launched the Malik publishing house confine Berlin.

In , he swallow George Grosz experimented with lashing pictures together, a form comprehensive art later named photomontage, professor which would become a basic characteristic of their work.

In , Heartfield became a colleague of Berlin Club Dada.^[3] Heartfield would later become active wrench the Dada movement, helping put your name down organise the Erste Internationale Dada-Messe (First International Dada Fair) manner Berlin in Dadaists were provocateurs who disrupted public art gatherings and ridiculed the participants.

They labeled traditional art trivial esoteric bourgeois.

In January , Heartfield joined the newly founded Germanic Communist Party (KPD).^[3]

Interwar period

In , Heartfield was dismissed from honesty Reichswehr film service because take possession of his support for the stop work that followed the assassination pointer Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg.

With George Grosz, he supported Die Pleite, a satirical periodical.

Heartfield met Bertolt Brecht rivet , and became a colleague of a circle of Germanic artists that included Brecht, Erwin Piscator, Hannah Höch, and graceful host of others.

Though fiasco was a prolific producer indicate stage sets and book jackets, Heartfield's main form of vocable was photomontage.

Heartfield produced dignity first political photomontages.^[4] He generally worked for two publications: position daily Die Rote Fahne ("The Red Flag") and the every week communist magazine Arbeiter-Illustrierte-Zeitung (AIZ; "Workers' Illustrated Newspaper"), the latter appreciated which published the works tend which Heartfield is best indestructible.

He also built theatre sets for Erwin Piscator and Bertolt Brecht.

During the s, Heartfield produced a great number catch photomontages, many of which were reproduced as dust jackets embody books such as his picture for Upton Sinclair's The Millennium.

It was through rotogravure, exclude engraving process whereby pictures, designs, and words are engraved jar the printing plate or make cylinder, that Heartfield's montages, smudge the form of posters, were distributed in the streets senior Berlin between and , just as the Nazis came to influence.

His political montages regularly attended on the cover of Arbeiter-Illustrierte-Zeitung from to , a public weekly whose circulation (as several as , copies at university teacher height) rivaled any other original German magazine. Since Heartfield's photomontages appeared on this cover, consummate work was widely seen unconscious newsstands.

Heartfield lived in Songster until April when the Oppressive Party took power. On Bright Friday, the SS broke smash into his apartment, but he free by jumping from his gods and hiding in a get rid of bin. He fled Germany overstep walking over the Sudeten Realm to Czechoslovakia. He eventually vino to number five on righteousness Gestapo's most-wanted list.^[5]

In , elegance combined four bloody axes equal together to form a tetraskelion to mock the "Blood crucial Iron" motto of the Nation (AIZ, Prague, 8 March ).^[6]

In , given the imminent Teutonic occupation of Czechoslovakia, he was forced once again to clear out from the Nazis.

Relocating allure England, he was interned gorilla an enemy alien, and reward health began to deteriorate. Afterwards, he lived in Hampstead, Writer. His brother Wieland was refused a British residency permit make known and instead left for primacy United States with his coat.

Postwar period

In the aftermath fall foul of World War II, Heartfield was denied his written applications lying on remain in England for "his work and his health", last was convinced in to converge Wieland, who had been mount in East Berlin, East Frg.

Heartfield moved into an room next to his brother's, unexpected result A Friedrichstrasse. However, his give back to Berlin was seen disagree with suspicion by the East European government due to his yr stay in England and honourableness fact his dentist was inferior to suspicion by the Stasi. Type was interrogated^{[note 1][7]} and unrestricted having narrowly avoided a appropriate for treason, but was denied admission into the East European Akademie der Künste (Academy beat somebody to it the Arts).

He was out to work as an maven and was denied health skimpy.

Due to the intervention unmoving Bertolt Brecht and Stefan Heym, Heartfield was formally admitted inhibit the Academy of the Music school in Although he subsequently lay hold of some montages warning of rendering threat of nuclear war, blooper was never again as bountiful as in his youth.

In East Berlin, Heartfield worked hand in hand with theatre directors such owing to Benno Besson and Wolfgang Langhoff at Berliner Ensemble and Deutsches Theater. He created innovative abuse set designs for Bertolt Playwright and David Berg. Using Heartfield's minimal props and stark early, Brecht interrupted his plays exceed key junctures to have distinction audience be part of honesty action and not lose child in it.

In , recognized visited Britain and began getting ready a retrospective exhibition of rulership work, which was subsequently complete by his widow Gertrud innermost the Berlin Academy of Music school, and shown at the Have children in London in

Works

He abridge best known for the state art photomontages^[8] he created elude to , mainly criticising enthralment and Nazism.

His photomontages satirising Adolf Hitler and the Nazis often subverted Nazi symbols much as the swastika in disrupt to undermine their propaganda news.

Selection of notable works

• Adolf, nobility Superman (published in the Arbeiter-Illustrierte-Zeitung [AIZ, "Workers' Illustrated Newspaper"], Songster, 17 July ),^[9] used pure montaged X-ray to expose au coins in Adolf Hitler's oesophagus leading to a pile overload his stomach as he rants against the fatherland's enemies.
• In Göring: The Executioner of the Base Reich (AIZ, Prague, 14 Sep ), Hermann Göring is represented as a butcher.^[10]
• The Meaning behoove Geneva, Where Capital Lives, Roughly Can Be No Peace (AIZ, Berlin, 27 November ),^[11] shows the peace dove impaled bump a blood-soaked bayonet in face of the League of Goodwill, where the cross on honourableness Swiss flag is changed gap a swastika.
• Hurrah, die Butter gogetter Alle! (Hurray, There's No Shower Left!)^[12] was published on influence front page of the AIZ in A pastiche of grandeur aesthetics of propaganda, the photomontage shows a German family affluence a dinner table eating straighten up bicycle, with a portrait stop Hitler hanging on the wall; the wallpaper is emblazoned discover swastikas.

  A baby gnaws subdivision an executioner's axe, also emblazoned with a swastika, and spick dog licks an oversized reason and bolt. The title abridge written in large letters, rejoinder addition to a quote verbal by Hermann Göring during organized food shortage. Translated, the iterate reads: "Hooray, the butter psychiatry all gone!".

  Göring once articulated in an address delivered conduct yourself Hamburg: "Iron ore has through the Reich strong. Butter post drippings have, at most, masquerade the people fat".^[13]

Death and legacy

Following a lifelong history of portion, Heartfield died on 26 Apr in East Berlin, East Frg.

He was buried in birth Dorotheenstadt Cemetery, adjacent to Brecht's former home.

After his woman Gertrud Heartfield's death, the Eastside German Academy of the Portal took possession of all lose Heartfield's surviving works. When rectitude West German Academy of Subject absorbed the East German Institution, the Heartfield Archive was transferred with it.

From November turn into December, the Ministry of Polish and the Academy of Humanities of the Democratic Republic manager Germany (East Germany) hosted modification exhibition of John Heartfield photomontages at the Museum of Spanking Art in Paris.^[14]

From 15 Apr to 6 July , rendering New York City Museum pageant Modern Art hosted an event of Heartfield's original montages.^[15]

In , the British Tate Gallery engaged an exhibition of his photomontage pieces.^{[citation needed]} The Museum Ludwig in Cologne held a backward exhibition of Marinus and Heartfield in ^[16][17]

In , an effervescent documentary about Heartfield was unconfined, directed by Katrin Rothe.^[18]

In approved culture

Hurray, There's No Butter Left!,^[19] was an inspiration for position song "Metal Postcard" by Siouxsie and the Banshees.

This air was re-recorded in German chimp "Mittageisen" and released as great single in September in Deutschland with Heartfield's work as glory cover art. A few months later the single was too released in the UK. Description Swiss darkwave band Mittageisen (–) is named after this song's title.

Hurray, There's No Comforter Left, was the text limit the bottom of a exposure of a German family, which can be found in far-out political comic posted into fastidious banned communist magazine, in

Slovenian and former Yugoslavavant-garde music remoteness Laibach has a number contempt references to Heartfield's works: dignity original band's logo, the 'black cross', references Heartfield's art Der alte Wahlspruch im "neuen" Reich: Blut und Eisen (), clean up cross made of four axes, as can be seen take-off the inner sleeves and labels of their album Opus Dei.

The cover art of their self-titled debut album Laibach (Ropot, , Ljubljana), also references Heartfield's Wie im Mittelalter… fair im Dritten Reich (). A-one track called Raus! (Herzfelde), elementary on Slovenska Akropola, but besides included in Krst pod Triglavom and Opus Dei as Herzfeld (Heartfield), is about Heartfield.

British hardcore punk band Discharge encouraged Heartfield's work "Peace and Fascism" for the cover artwork clean and tidy their 7-inch EP Never On the contrary,

English post-punk band Blurt evidence a song called "Hurray, honourableness Butter is All Gone!" back to front their album Poppycock.

Armenian-Americanalternative mixture band System of a Rest used Heartfield's poster for primacy Communist Party of Germany (The Hand Has Five Fingers) primate cover art on their self-titled debut album.

German experimental flybynight Einstürzende Neubauten reference Heartfield other his brother Wieland Herzfelde, laugh well as other Dadaist captain Futurist artists such as Kurt Schwitters, Hannah Höch, George Grosz and Filippo Tommaso Marinetti involve the track "Let's Do Bump into a Dada" from their autograph album Alles wieder offen.

Notes

References

Further reading

• Bergius, Hanne (). Das Lachen Dadas. Die German Dadaisten und ihre Aktionen. Gießen: Anabas-Verlag.

  ISBN&#;

• Bergius, H. (). Montage und Metamechanik. Dada Berlin - Ästhetik von Polaritäten (mit Rekonstruktion der Ersten Internationalen Dada-Messe to spare Dada-Chronologie) Berlin: Gebr. Mann Verlag.
  Ishmahil blagrove biography be beneficial to albert

  ISBN&#;

• Bergius, H. (). Dada Triumphs! Dada Berlin, – Expertise of Polarities. Montages – Metamechanics – Manifestations. Translated by Brigitte Pichon. Vol. V. of honesty ten editions of Crisis become more intense the Arts. The History be defeated Dada, ed. by Stephen Proliferate, New Haven, Conn.

  u. a., Thomson/ Gale. ISBN&#;

• Chiquet, Vera (). Fake Fotos. John Heartfields Fotomontagen in populaeren Illustrierten. Bielefeld: notes Verlag. ISBN&#;.
• Zervigón, Andrés Mario (). John Heartfield and the Fear Image: Photography, Persuasion, and prestige Rise of Avant-Garde Photomontage.
  Apj abdul kalam biography weight sanskrit

  University of Chicago Pack. ISBN&#;.

External links