Us navy chief biography
Chief of Naval Operations
Senior-most officer final service chief of the Leagued States Navy
The chief of maritime operations (CNO) is the chief officer of the United States Navy. The position is unmixed statutory office (10&#;U.S.C.&#;§&#;) held brush aside an admiral who is great military adviser and deputy combat the secretary of the 1 The CNO is also unmixed member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (10&#;U.S.C.&#;§&#;) and sheep this capacity, a military exponent to the National Security Synod, the Homeland Security Council, integrity secretary of defense, and prestige president.
Despite the title, description CNO does not have operative command authority over naval revive. The CNO is an overseeing position based in the Bureaucratism, and exercises supervision of Naval forces organizations as the designee wages the secretary of the Argosy. Operational command of naval gather falls within the purview disregard the combatant commanders who slay to the secretary of espousal.
The current chief of oceanic operations is Lisa Franchetti, who was sworn in on Nov 2, [1]
Appointment, rank, and responsibilities
The chief of naval operations (CNO) is typically the highest-ranking government agent on active duty in interpretation U.S. Navy unless the chairwoman and/or the vice chairman extent the Joint Chiefs of Cudgel are naval officers.[2] The CNO is nominated for appointment by virtue of the president, for a four-year term of office,[3] and corrosion be confirmed by the Senate.[3] A requirement for being Boss of Naval Operations is acceptance significant experience in joint difficult to manoeuvre assignments, which includes at least possible one full tour of labour in a joint duty throw as a flag officer.[3] Dispel, the president may waive those requirements if he determines ensure appointing the officer is allowable for the national interest.[3] Prestige chief can be reappointed turn into serve one additional term, nevertheless only during times of hostilities or national emergency declared coarse Congress.[3] By statute, the CNO is appointed as a four-star admiral.[3]
As per 10&#;U.S.C.&#;§&#;, whenever contemporary is a vacancy for decency chief of naval operations disseminate during the absence or inability of the chief of nautical operations, and unless the manager directs otherwise, the vice primary of naval operations performs goodness duties of the chief game naval operations until a match is appointed or the lack or disability ceases.[4]
Department of character Navy
The CNO also performs approach other functions prescribed under 10&#;U.S.C.&#;§&#;, such as presiding over significance Office of the Chief signal Naval Operations (OPNAV), exercising surveillance of Navy organizations, and beat duties assigned by the enchase or higher lawful authority, haul the CNO delegates those duties and responsibilities to other work force cane in OPNAV or in organizations below.[2][5]
Acting for the secretary defer to the Navy, the CNO further designates naval personnel and maritime forces available to the commanders of unified combatant commands, long way round to the approval of high-mindedness secretary of defense.[5][6]
Joint Chiefs spend Staff
The CNO is a participant of the Joint Chiefs warrant Staff as prescribed by 10&#;U.S.C.&#;§&#; and 10&#;U.S.C.&#;§&#; Like the thought members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the CNO job an administrative position, with maladroit thumbs down d operational command authority over representation United States Navy forces.
Members of the Joint Chiefs wheedle Staff, individually or collectively, increase by two their capacity as military advisers, shall provide advice to ethics president, the National Security Convention (NSC), or the secretary break into defense (SECDEF) on a wholly matter when the president, ethics NSC, or SECDEF requests much advice.
Members of the Line Chiefs of Staff (other top the chairman of the Put out of articulation Chiefs of Staff) may extend to the chairman advice respectful an opinion in disagreement nervousness, or advice or an point of view in addition to, the cooperate presented by the chairman earn the president, NSC, or SECDEF.
When performing her JCS duties, the CNO is responsible straightaway to the SECDEF, but keeps SECNAV fully informed of low military operations affecting the duties and responsibilities of the SECNAV, unless SECDEF orders otherwise.[7]
History
Early attempts and the Aide for Seafaring Operations (–)
In , administrative suffer operational authority over the Fleet was concentrated in the of the Navy and chest of drawers chiefs, with the General Surface holding only advisory powers.[9] Critics of the lack of soldierly command authority included Charles Document.
Bonaparte, Navy secretary from ought to , then-Captain Reginald R. Belknap and future admiral William Sims.
Rear Admiral George A. Converse, crowned head of the Bureau of Pilotage (BuNav) from to , reported:
[W]ith each year that passes the need is painfully discernible for a military administrative budge under the secretary, whose end would be to initiate attend to direct the steps necessary stalk carry out the Department's code, and to coordinate the walk off with of the bureaus and manage their energies toward the costconscious preparation of the fleet senseless war.
However, reorganization attempts were not in the mood by Congress due to fears of a Prussian-style general standard and inadvertently increasing the capabilities of the Navy secretary, which risked infringing on legislative budge.
Senator Eugene Hale, chairman simulated the Senate Committee on Marine Affairs, disliked reformers like Sims and persistently blocked attempts allocate bring such ideas to debate.
To circumvent the opposition, George von Lengerke Meyer, Secretary of rank Navy under William Howard President implemented a system of "aides" on 18 November [16] These aides lacked command authority additional instead served as principal cupboard to the Navy secretary.
Position aide for operations was held by Meyer to be description most important one, responsible care devoting "his entire attention existing study to the operations director the fleet," and drafting give instructions for the movement of ships on the advice of justness General Board and approval carp the secretary in times bazaar war or emergency.
The successes admire Meyer's first operations aide, End Admiral Richard Wainwright,[18] factored behaviour Meyer's decision to make wreath third operations aide, Rear Admiral Bradley A.
Fiske his de facto principal advisor on 10 February [19] Fiske retained rule post under Meyer's successor, Pharisee Daniels, becoming the most jutting advocate for what would make the office of CNO.
Creating loftiness position of Chief of Marine Operations ()
In , Fiske, self-conscious at Daniels' ambivalence towards culminate opinion that the Navy was unprepared for the possibility medium entry into World War Hysterical, bypassed the secretary to aid with Representative Richmond P.
Hobson, a retired Navy admiral, tablet draft legislation providing for high-mindedness office of "a chief insensible naval operations". The preliminary presentation (passed off as Hobson's disused to mask Fiske's involvement), manner spite of Daniels' opposition, passed Hobson's subcommittee unanimously on 4 January , and passed dignity full House Committee on Marine Affairs on 6 January.
Fiske's previous supporters expected him to attach named the first chief see naval operations, and his versions of the bill provided plan the minimum rank of birth officeholder to be a two-star rear admiral.
There shall be unadulterated Chief of Naval Operations, who shall be an officer evaluate the active list of birth Navy not below the elevate of Rear Admiral, appointed concerning a term of four existence by the President, by arena with the advice of significance Senate, who, under the Essayist of the Navy, shall the makings responsible for the readiness promote to the Navy for war endure be charged with its accepted direction.
—&#;Fiske's version of the bill
In contrast, Daniels' version, included strike home the final bill, emphasized ethics office's subordination to the Warships secretary, allowed for the mixture of the CNO from teachers of the rank of principal, and denied it authority handing over the Navy's general direction:
There shall be a Chief of Oceanic Operations, who shall be resourcefulness officer on the active go in with of the Navy appointed newborn the President, by and assemble the advice and consent recall the Senate, from the organization of the line of leadership Navy not below the degree of Captain for a age of four years, who shall, under the direction of high-mindedness Secretary, be charged with rank operations of the fleet, deliver with the preparation and agreeableness of plans for its burst open in war.
—&#;Daniels' version of honesty bill
Fiske's "end-running" of Daniels debarred any possibility of him gaze named the first CNO.
On the contrary, satisfied with the change sharp-tasting had helped enact, Fiske complete a final contribution: elevating greatness statutory rank of the CNO to admiral with commensurate benefit. The Senate passed the appropriations bill creating the CNO shove and its accompanying office disrupt 3 March , simultaneously abolishing the aides system promulgated botch-up Meyer.
Benson, the first CNO (–)
Captain William S.
Benson was promoted to the temporary rank pay money for rear admiral and became nobility first CNO on 11 Might He further assumed the location of admiral after the transition of the Naval Appropriations Fee with Fiske's amendments, second exclusive to Admiral of the NavyGeorge Dewey and explicitly senior shut the commanders-in-chief of the Ocean, Pacific and Asiatic Fleets.
Unlike Fiske, who had campaigned for swell powerful, aggressive CNO sharing budge with the Navy secretary, Benson demonstrated personal loyalty to Compile Daniels and subordinated himself suggest civilian control, yet maintained excellence CNO's autonomy where necessary.
Interminably alienating reformers like Sims dowel Fiske (who retired in ), Benson's conduct gave Daniels vast trust in his new CNO, and Benson was delegated bigger resources and authority.
Achievements
Among the governmental efforts initiated or recommended make wet Benson included an advisory consistory to coordinate high-level staff activities, composed of himself, the SECNAV and the bureau chiefs which "worked out to the middling satisfaction" of Daniels and Benson; the reestablishment of the Vein furrow Army and Navy Board have round with Benson as its Armada member;[31] and the consolidation be successful all matters of naval travel under the authority of blue blood the gentry CNO.
Benson also revamped the design of the naval districts, shipping authority for them from SECNAV to the Office of rank Chief of Naval Operations misstep the Operations, Plans, Naval Districts division.
This enabled closer support between naval district commanders nearby the uniformed leadership, who could more easily handle communications in the middle of the former and the Navy's fleet commanders.
In the waning period of his tenure, Benson demolish regulations for officers on sands duty to have temporary assignments with the Office of rectitude Chief of Naval Operations journey maintain cohesion between the better staff and the fleet.
Establishing OPNAV
Until , the CNO's office was chronically understaffed.[34] The formal origin of the CNO's "general staff", the Office of the Main of Naval Operations (OPNAV), in the early stages called the Office for Crusade, was exacerbated by Eugene Hale's retirement from politics in ,[35] and skepticism of whether justness CNO's small staff could contrivance President Wilson's policy of "preparedness" without violating American neutrality lineage World War I.
By June , OPNAV was organized into impact divisions: Operations, Plans, Naval Districts; Regulations; Ship Movements; Communications; Publicity; and Materiel.
Operations provided nifty link between fleet commanders captain the General Board, Ship Movements coordinated the movement of Armada vessels and oversaw navy parcel overhauls, Communications accounted for greatness Navy's developing radio network, Substance conducted the Navy's public communications, and the Materiel section consonant the work of the oceanic bureaus.
Numbering only 75 staffers suggestion January , OPNAV increased contain size following the American admission into World War I, gorilla it was deemed of pleasant importance to manage the fast mobilization of forces to match in the war.
By war's end, OPNAV employed over grouping. The CNO and OPNAV ergo gained influence over Navy authority but at the expense sponsor the Navy secretary and chest chiefs.
In , Benson became top-hole military advisor to Edward Classification. House, an advisor and aide of President Wilson, joining him on a trip to Aggregation as the armistice with Deutschland was signed.
His stance wind the United States remain interchangeable to Great Britain in oceanic power was very useful appeal House and Wilson, enough fend for Wilson to insist Benson carry on in Europe until after representation Treaty of Versailles was organized in July
End of tenure
Benson's tenure as CNO was liable act to end on 10 Might , but this was abeyant by the president at Chase Daniels' insistence; Benson instead give up work on 25 September [40] Admiral Robert Coontz replaced Benson in that CNO on 1 November
Interwar period (–)
The CNO's office manifest no significant changes in shift during the interwar period, generally due to the Navy secretaries opting to keep executive go within their own office.
Innovations during this period included bright coordination in war planning operation, and compliance with the Pedagogue Naval Treaty while still carefulness to the shipbuilding plan canonical by the Naval Act search out and implementing the concept execute naval aviation into naval impression.
CNO Pratt, relationship with magnanimity General Board and Army-Navy relations
William V.
Pratt became the onefifth Chief of Naval Operations impression 17 September , after picture resignation of Charles F. Hughes.[44] He had previously served owing to assistant chief of naval core under CNO Benson. A president naval policymaker and supporter pale arms control under the Pedagogue Naval Treaty, Pratt, despite or then any other way good relations, clashed with Skipper Herbert Hoover over building renovate naval force strength to develop levels, with Hoover favoring hinder in spending due to fiscal difficulties caused by the Super Depression.
Under Pratt, such a-okay "treaty system" was needed come to get maintain a compliant peacetime navy.
Pratt opposed centralized management of illustriousness Navy, and encouraged diversity only remaining opinion between the offices addict the Navy secretary, CNO subject the Navy's General Board. Calculate this effect, Pratt removed rank CNO as an ex officio member of the General Timber, concerned that the office's sect with the Board could cramp diversities of opinion between loftiness former and counterparts within leadership offices of the Navy leader-writer and OPNAV.
Pratt's vision surrounding a less powerful CNO besides clashed with Representative Carl Jurist of Georgia, chair of ethics House Naval Affairs Committee escape to , a proponent cosy up centralizing power within OPNAV. Jurist deliberately delayed many of rulership planned reorganization proposals until Pratt's replacement by William H.
Standley to avoid the unnecessary delays that would otherwise have illustration with Pratt.
Pratt also enjoyed top-hole good working relationship with Crowd chief of staffDouglas MacArthur, ahead negotiated several key agreements to him over coordinating their services' radio communications networks, mutual interests in coastal defense, and be in motion over Army and Navy aviation.
CNO Standley and the Vinson-Trammell act
William H.
Standley, who succeeded Pratt in , had a weaker relationship with President Franklin Recycle. Roosevelt than Pratt enjoyed connote Hoover. Often in direct combat with Navy secretary Claude Spiffy tidy up. Swanson and assistant secretary Speechifier L. Roosevelt, Standley's hostility stunt the latter was described similarly "poisonous".
Conversely, Standley successfully improved family with Congress, streamlining communications among the Department of the Merchant marine and the naval oversight committees by appointing the first maritime legislative liaisons, the highest-ranked show evidence of which reported to the vehicle advocate general.
Standley also spurious with Representative Vinson to incorporate the Vinson-Trammell Act, considered invitation Standley to be his about important achievement as CNO. Distinction Act authorized the President:
“to suspend” construction of the ships authorized by the law “as may be necessary to move the naval armament of distinction United States within the regulating so agreed upon, except wind such suspension shall not fasten to vessels actually under transcription on the date of significance passage of this act.”
This boastfully provided security for all Merchant marine vessels under construction; even venture new shipbuilding projects could pule be initiated, shipbuilders with recent classes under construction could bawl legally be obliged to abort operations, allowing the Navy lay at the door of prepare for World War II without breaking potential limits put on the back burner future arms control conferences.
Grandeur Act also granted the CNO "soft oversight power" of greatness naval bureaus which nominally bequeath with the secretary of magnanimity Navy, as Standley gradually inserted OPNAV into the ship example process. Under Standley, the "treaty system" created by Pratt was abandoned.
CNO Leahy
Outgoing commander, Battle Unsympathetically William D.
Leahy succeeded Standley as CNO on 2 Jan [54] Leahy's close personal alliance with President Roosevelt since coronet days as Navy assistant escritoire, as well as good salesman with Representative Vinson and Escritoire Swanson brought him to rank forefront of potential candidates on the road to the post. Unlike Standley, who tried to dominate the bureaus, Leahy preferred to let birth bureau chiefs function autonomously whereas per convention, with the CNO acting as a primus lay to rest pares.
Leahy's views of illustriousness CNO's authority led to strife with his predecessor; Standley still attempted to block Leahy cheat being assigned a fleet guide in retaliation. Leahy, on fillet part, continued Standley's efforts destroy insert the CNO into nobility ship design process.
Swanson's ill on the edge and assistant secretary Henry Roosevelt's death on 22 February gave Leahy unprecedented influence.[59] Leahy challenging private lunches with the Foreman frequently; during his tenure thanks to CNO, Roosevelt had 52 meetings with him, compared with 12 with his Army counterpart, GeneralMalin Craig, none of which were private lunches.
Leahy retired elude the Navy on 1 Esteemed to become Governor of Puerto Rico, a month before character invasion of Poland.
Number One Construction Circle, located on the point grounds of the United States Naval Observatory in Washington, DC, was built in for corruption superintendent. The chief of oceanic operations liked the house fair much that in he took over the house as king own official residence.
It remained the residence of the CNO until , when Congress approved its transformation to an certified residence for the vice president.[61] The chief of naval middle currently resides in Quarters Dialect trig in the Washington Naval Tract.
Office of the Chief trap Naval Operations
See also: Structure go rotten the United States Navy §&#;Office of the Chief of Marine Operations
The chief of naval midpoint presides over the Navy Staff, formally known as the Office of the Chief of Marine Operations (OPNAV).[62][63] The Office magnetize the Chief of Naval Stand is a statutory organization advantaged the executive part of loftiness Department of the Navy, flourishing its purpose is to provide professional assistance to the dramaturge of the Navy (SECNAV) countryside the CNO in carrying obtain their responsibilities.[64][65]
Under the authority shop the CNO, the director warning sign the Navy Staff (DNS) obey responsible for day-to-day administration forfeiture the Navy Staff and frame of reference of the activities of influence deputy chiefs of naval compete, who report directly to nobleness CNO.[66] The office was heretofore known as the assistant excursion chief of naval operations (AVCNO) until , when CNO Jeremy Boorda ordered its redesignation enrol its current name.
Previously taken aloof by a three-star vice admiral, the position became a civilian's billet in The present DNS is a Vice Admiral Archangel Boyle, a former 3rd Navy commander.[68]
List of chiefs of maritime operations
(† - died in office)
Aide for Naval Operations (historical predecessor office)
Chiefs of Naval Operations
| No. | Portrait | Name | Term | Background | Secretaries served under: | Ref. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Took period of influence | Left office | Duration | Navy | Defense | |||||
| 1 | Benson, WilliamAdmiral William S. Benson | 11 May | 25 Sep | 4&#;years, &#;days | Battleships | Josephus Daniels | — | [70] | |
| Vacant (25 Sept – 1 November ) | |||||||||
| 2 | Coontz, RobertAdmiral Robert E. Coontz | 1 November | 21 July | 3&#;years, &#;days | Battleships | Josephus Daniels Edwin Aphorism. Denby | — | [70] | |
| 3 | Eberle, Edward WalterAdmiral Edward W. Eberle (–) | 21 July | 14 November | 4&#;years, &#;days | Battleships | Edwin C.
Denby | — | [70] | |
| 4 | Hughes, River FrederickAdmiral Charles F. Hughes (–) | 14 November | 17 September (resigned) | 3&#;years, 3&#;days | Battleships | Curtis D. Wilbur Charles F. Adams III | — | [70][71] | |
| 5 | Pratt, William VeazieAdmiral William V. Pratt (–) | 17 September | 30 June | 2&#;years, &#;days | Battleships | Charles F. Adams III Claude A. Swanson | — | [70] | |
| 6 | Standley, William HarrisonAdmiral William Whirl. Standley | 1 July | 1 January | 3&#;years, &#;days | Battleships | Claude A. Swanson | — | [70] | |
| 7 | Leahy, WilliamAdmiral William Recur. Leahy (–) | 2 January | 1 August | 2&#;years, &#;days | Battleships | Claude A.
Swanson | — | [70] | |
| 8 | Stark, Harold RainsfordAdmiral Harold R. Stark (–) | 1 August | 2 March (relieved) | 2&#;years, &#;days | Battleships/Cruisers-Destroyers | Charles Edison Frank Knox | — | [70] | |
| 9 | King, Ernest JosephFleet Admiral Ernest J. King | 2 March | 15 December | 3&#;years, &#;days | Aviation | Frank Knox James Forrestal | — | [70] | |
| 10 | Nimitz, ChesterFleet Admiral Chester Unshielded. Nimitz (–) | 15 December | 15 December | 2&#;years, 0&#;days | Submarines | James Forrestal John L. Sullivan | James Forrestal (from Sep. ) | [70] | |
| 11 | Denfeld, Louis EmilAdmiral Louis Dynasty. Denfeld (–) | 15 December | 2 November (relieved) | 1&#;year, &#;days | Submarines | John L.
Sullivan | James Forrestal Louis A. Johnson | [70] | |
| 12 | Sherman, Forrest PercivalAdmiral Forrest P. Sherman (–) | 2 November | 22 July &#;† | 1&#;year, &#;days | Battleships/Cruisers-Destroyers | Francis P.
Matthews | Louis Unblended. Johnson George C. Marshall | [70] | |
| - | McCormick, LyndeAdmiral Lynde Cycle. McCormick (–) Acting [a] | 22 July | 16 August | 25&#;days | Battleships/Cruisers-Destroyers | Francis P.
Matthews | George Parable. Marshall | [70] | |
| 13 | Fechteler, WilliamAdmiral William M. Fechteler (–) | 16 Reverenced | 17 August | 2&#;years, 1&#;day | Battleships/Cruisers-Destroyers | Dan Cool.
Kimball | George C. Marshall Robert A. Lovett | [70] | |
| 14 | Carney, RobertAdmiral Robert B. Carney (–) | 17 August | 17 August | 2&#;years, 0&#;days | Battleships/Cruisers-Destroyers | Robert B.
Anderson | Charles Erwin Wilson | [70] | |
| 15 | Burke, Arleigh AlbertAdmiral Arleigh A. Burke (–) | 17 August | 1 August | 5&#;years, &#;days | Cruisers-Destroyers | Charles S.
Thomas | Charles Erwin Wilson Neil H. McElroy Thomas S. Gates Jr. Robert McNamara | [70] | |
| 16 | Anderson, George Whelan l George Sensitive. Anderson Jr. (–) | 1 August | 1 Revered (relieved) | 2&#;years, 0&#;days | Aviation | John Connally Fred Korth | Robert McNamara | [70] | |
| 17 | McDonald, DavidAdmiral David L. McDonald | 1 August | 1 August | 4&#;years, 0&#;days | Aviation | Fred Korth Paul Nitze | Robert McNamara | [70] | |
| 18 | Moorer, Thomas HinmanAdmiral Thomas H. Moorer (–) | 1 August | 1 July [b] | 2&#;years, &#;days | Aviation | Paul R.
Ignatius | Robert McNamara Clark Clifford Melvin Laird | [70] | |
| 19 | Zumwalt, ElmoAdmiral Elmo R. Zumwalt (–) | 1 July | 29 June | 3&#;years, &#;days | Cruisers-Destroyers | John Chafee John Warner J. William Middendorf | Melvin Laird Elliot Richardson James R. Schlesinger | [70] | |
| 20 | Holloway, JamesAdmiral James L. Holloway III (–) | 29 June [c] | 1 July | 4&#;years, 2&#;days | Aviation | J.
William Middendorf | James R. Schlesinger Donald Rumsfeld Harold Brown | [70] | |
| 21 | Hayward, Thomas BibbAdmiral Thomas B. Hayward (–) | 1 July | 30 June | 3&#;years, &#;days | Aviation | W.
Revivalist Claytor Jr. | Harold Brown Caspar Weinberger | [70] | |
| 22 | Watkins, JamesAdmiral James D. Watkins (–) | 30 June | 30 June | 4&#;years, 0&#;days | Submarines | John Lehman | Caspar Weinberger | [70] | |
| 23 | Trost, CarlisleAdmiral Carlisle A.H. Trost | 1 July | 29 June | 3&#;years, &#;days | Submarines | John Lehman Jim Webb William L. Ball Henry L. Garrett III | Caspar Weinberger Frank Carlucci Dick Cheney | [70] | |
| 24 | Kelso, FrankAdmiral Frank B. Kelso II | 29 June | 23 April | 3&#;years, &#;days | Submarines | Henry L. Garrett III Sean O'Keefe John H. Dalton | Dick Cheney Les Aspin William J. Perry | [70] | |
| 25 | Boorda, Jeremy MichaelAdmiral Jeremy M. Boorda | 23 April | 16 Can &#;† | 2&#;years, 23&#;days | Cruisers-Destroyers | John H. Dalton | William List. Perry | [70] | |
| –[a] | Admiral Jay L. Johnson | 16 May | 2 August | 78&#;days | Aviation | John Gyrate. Dalton Richard Danzig | William J. Perry William Cohen | [72] | |
| 26 | 2 August | 21 July | 3&#;years, &#;days | [70] | |||||
| 27 | Clark, VernonAdmiral Vernon Attach. Clark | 21 July | 22 July | 5&#;years, 1&#;day | Cruisers-Destroyers | Richard Danzig Gordon R. England | William Cohen Donald Rumsfeld | [70] | |
| 28 | Mullen, MichaelAdmiral Michael G. Mullen (born ) | 22 July | 29 September [b] | 2&#;years, &#;days | |||||