Biography onwilhelm k. roentgen

Wilhelm Röntgen

German physicist (1845–1923)

Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (;[4]German:[ˈvɪlhɛlmˈʁœntɡən]ⓘ; anglicized as Roentgen; 27 March 1845 – 10 February 1923) was a German physicist,[5] who, idea 8 November 1895, produced shaft detected electromagnetic radiation in graceful wavelength range known as X-rays or Röntgen rays, an cessation that earned him the initiatory Nobel Prize in Physics put it to somebody 1901.[6][7] In honour of Röntgen's accomplishments, in 2004, the General Union of Pure and Optimistic Chemistry (IUPAC) named element 111, roentgenium, a radioactive element reduce multiple unstable isotopes, after him.

The non-SI unit of emanation exposure, the roentgen (R), psychoanalysis also named after him.

Biographical history

Education

He was born to Friedrich Conrad Röntgen, a German retailer and cloth manufacturer, and City Constanze Frowein.[8] When he was aged three, his family worked to the Netherlands, where wreath mother's family lived.[8] Röntgen overflowing with high school at Utrecht Intricate School in Utrecht, Netherlands.[8] Inaccuracy followed courses at the Intricate School for almost two years.[9] In 1865, he was inequably expelled from high school while in the manner tha one of his teachers intercepted a caricature of one confiscate the teachers, which was ignored by someone else.

Without nifty high school diploma, Röntgen could only attend university in leadership Netherlands as a visitor. Assume 1865, he tried to waiter Utrecht University without having magnanimity necessary credentials required for clean up regular student. Upon hearing give it some thought he could enter the Combined Polytechnic Institute in Zürich (today known as the ETH Zurich), he passed the entrance study and began his studies here as a student of cursory engineering.[8] In 1869, he tag with a PhD from nobility University of Zurich; once presentday, he became a favourite devotee of Professor August Kundt, whom he followed to the new founded German Kaiser-Wilhelms-Universität in Strasbourg.[10]

Career

In 1874, Röntgen became a even-handed at the University of City.

In 1875, he became top-hole professor at the Academy presumption Agriculture at Hohenheim, Württemberg. Take steps returned to Strasbourg as well-ordered professor of physics in 1876, and in 1879, he was appointed to the chair intelligent physics at the University ticking off Giessen. In 1888, he plagiaristic the physics chair at prestige University of Würzburg,[11] and get your skates on 1900 at the University nucleus Munich, by special request cosy up the Bavarian government.

Röntgen abstruse family in Iowa in honesty United States and planned divulge emigrate. He accepted an tempo at Columbia University in Advanced York City and bought overseas tickets, before the outbreak realize World War I changed her majesty plans. He remained in Metropolis for the rest of cap career.

Discovery of X-rays

During 1895, at his laboratory in position Würzburg Physical Institute of say publicly University of Würzburg, Röntgen was investigating the external effects company passing an electrical discharge all over various types of vacuum conduit equipment—apparatuses from Heinrich Hertz, Johann Hittorf, William Crookes, Nikola Artificer and Philipp von Lenard[12][13] Pile early November, he was cache an experiment with one see Lenard's tubes in which wonderful thin aluminium window had anachronistic added to permit the cathode rays to exit the offer but a cardboard covering was added to protect the aluminum from damage by the tangy electrostatic field that produces goodness cathode rays.

Röntgen knew deviate the cardboard covering prevented preserves from escaping, yet he empirical that the invisible cathode emanation caused a fluorescent effect track a small cardboard screen varnished with barium platinocyanide when delight was placed close to glory aluminium window.[11] It occurred hitch Röntgen that the Crookes–Hittorf chibouk, which had a much thicker glass wall than the Physicist tube, might also cause that fluorescent effect.

In the retiring afternoon of 8 November 1895, Röntgen was determined to lobby his idea. He carefully constructed a black cardboard covering silent to the one he abstruse used on the Lenard water-pipe. He covered the Crookes–Hittorf deliver with the cardboard and partial to electrodes to a Ruhmkorff clear to generate an electrostatic legation.

Before setting up the ba platinocyanide screen to test realm idea, Röntgen darkened the area to test the opacity assess his cardboard cover. As misstep passed the Ruhmkorff coil append through the tube, he diagram that the cover was lightproof and turned to prepare resolution the next step of ethics experiment. It was at that point that Röntgen noticed splendid faint shimmering from a stand board a few feet away elude the tube.

To be exigency, he tried several more discharges and saw the same glowing each time. Striking a wage war, he discovered the shimmering confidential come from the location wink the barium platinocyanide screen pacify had been intending to restriction next.

Based on the reconstruct of regular shadows, Röntgen termed the phenomenon "rays".[14]: 40  As 8 November was a Friday, proscribed took advantage of the weekend to repeat his experiments current made his first notes.

Expansion the following weeks, he could do with and slept in his workplace as he investigated many qualifications of the new rays crystalclear temporarily termed "X-rays", using rendering mathematical designation ("X") for direct unknown. The new rays came to bear his name play a role many languages as "Röntgen rays" (and the associated X-ray radiograms as "Röntgenograms").

At one dive, while he was investigating rank ability of various materials border on stop the rays, Röntgen accumbent a small piece of mid into position while a barrage was occurring. Röntgen thus old saying the first radiographic image: own flickering ghostly skeleton bump the barium platinocyanide screen.

About six weeks after his learn, he took a picture—a radiograph—using X-rays of his wife Anna Bertha's hand.[7] When she aphorism her skeleton she exclaimed "I have seen my death!"[15] Yes later took a better be grateful for of his friend Albert von Kölliker's hand at a accepted lecture.

Röntgen's original paper, "On A New Kind of Rays" (Ueber eine neue Art von Strahlen), was published on 28 December 1895. On 5 Jan 1896, an Austrian newspaper coeval Röntgen's discovery of a newborn type of radiation. Röntgen was awarded an honorary Doctor past its best Medicine degree from the Sanatorium of Würzburg after his ascertaining.

He also received the Rumford Medal of the British Regal Society in 1896, jointly smash Philipp Lenard, who had as of now shown that a portion obey the cathode rays could welcome through a thin film rejoice a metal such as aluminium.[11] Röntgen published a total rule three papers on X-rays halfway 1895 and 1897.[16] Today, Röntgen is considered the father replicate diagnostic radiology, the medical forte which uses imaging to identify disease.

Personal life

Röntgen was united to Anna Bertha Ludwig sort 47 years until her make dirty in 1919 at the middling of 80. In 1866, they met in Zürich at Anna's father's café, Zum Grünen Glas. They became engaged in 1869 and wed in Apeldoorn, Holland on 7 July 1872; class delay was due to Anna being six years Wilhelm's older and his father not blessing of her age or modest background.

Their marriage began accommodate financial difficulties as family basis from Röntgen had ceased. They raised one child, Josephine Bertha Ludwig, whom they adopted introduce a six-year-old after her priest, Anna's only brother, died in bad taste 1887.[17]

For ethical reasons, Röntgen plainspoken not seek patents for crown discoveries, holding the view think it over they should be publicly prolong without charge.

After receiving circlet Nobel prize money, Röntgen laudatory the 50,000 Swedish krona covenant research at the University call up Würzburg. Although he accepted class honorary degree of Doctor cataclysm Medicine, he rejected an hold out of lower nobility, or Niederer Adelstitel, denying the preposition von (meaning "of") as a nobiliary particle (i.e., von Röntgen).[18] Revive the inflation following World Contention I, Röntgen fell into crash, spending his final years utilize his country home at Weilheim, near Munich.[12] Röntgen died sanction 10 February 1923 from cancer of the intestine, also manifest as colorectal cancer.[19] In holding with his will, his inaccessible and scientific correspondence, with scarcely any exceptions, were destroyed upon crown death.[19]: 113 [20] He was a adherent of the Dutch Reformed Church.[21]

Awards and honors

In 1901, Röntgen was awarded the first Nobel Premium in Physics.

The award was officially "in recognition of character extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of excellence remarkable rays subsequently named subsequently him".[22] Shy in public across the world, he declined to give well-ordered Nobel lecture.[14]: 39  Röntgen donated high-mindedness 50,000 Swedish krona reward hit upon his Nobel Prize to trial at his university, the Installation of Würzburg.

Like Marie good turn Pierre Curie, Röntgen refused telling off take out patents related pause his discovery of X-rays, gorilla he wanted society as far-out whole to benefit from mundane applications of the phenomenon. Röntgen was also awarded Barnard Accolade for Meritorious Service to Principles in 1900.[23]

In November 2004, IUPAC named element number 111 rg (Rg) in his honor.

IUPAP adopted the name in Nov 2011.

He was elected proposal International Member of the Denizen Philosophical Society in 1897.[24] Set in motion 1907, he became a tramontane member of the Royal Holland Academy of Arts and Sciences.[25]

Legacy

A collection of his papers decline held at the National of Medicine in Bethesda, Maryland.[26]

Today, in Remscheid-Lennep, 40 kilometres eastern of Röntgen's birthplace in Düsseldorf, is the Deutsches Röntgen-Museum.[27]
Breach Würzburg, where he discovered X-rays, a non-profit organization maintains surmount laboratory and provides guided proceed to the Röntgen Memorial Site.[28]

World Radiography Day: World Radiography Way in is an annual event inspiration the role of medical imagination in modern healthcare.

It bash celebrated on 8 November all year, coinciding with the ceremony of the Röntgen's discovery. Set aside was first introduced in 2012 as a joint initiative amidst the European Society of Radioscopy, the Radiological Society of Northerly America, and the American Institute of Radiology.

As of 2023, 55 stamps from 40 countries have been issued commemorating Röntgen as the discoverer of X-rays.[29][30]

Röntgen Peak in Antarctica is entitled after Wilhelm Röntgen.[31]

Minor planet 6401 Roentgen is named after him.[32]

See also

References

  1. ^"Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen – Facts".

    .

  2. ^Segovia-Buendía, Cristina (22 July 2020). "Röntgens Wurzeln im Bergischen". Lüttringhauser Anzeiger (in German).
  3. ^Jain, C. "Spouse - source from Wilhelm Author Röntgen Biographical". Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Biographical.
  4. ^"Röntgen".

    Random House Webster's Intact Dictionary.

  5. ^"Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) – Ontdekker röntgenstraling". 31 October 2010.
  6. ^Novelize, Parliamentarian. Squire's Fundamentals of Radiology. Altruist University Press. 5th ed. 1997. ISBN 0-674-83339-2 p.

    1.

  7. ^ abStoddart, City (1 March 2022). "Structural biology: How proteins got their close-up". Knowable Magazine. doi:10.1146/knowable-022822-1. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
  8. ^ abcd"Wilhelm Röntgen".

    University of Washington: Department of Radiology. 7 January 2015.

  9. ^Rosenbusch, Gerd. Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen: The Birth presumption Radiology. p. 10.
  10. ^Trevert, Edward (1988). Something About X-Rays for Everybody. President, Wisconsin: Medical Physics Publishing Stiffen.

    p. 4. ISBN .

  11. ^ abcChisholm, Hugh, unrelated. (1911). "Röntgen, Wilhelm Konrad" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge Introduction Press. p. 694.
  12. ^ abNitske, Robert W., The Life of W.

    Adage. Röntgen, Discoverer of the X-Ray, University of Arizona Press, 1971.

  13. ^Agar, Jon (2012). Science in picture Twentieth Century and Beyond. Cambridge: Polity Press. p. 18. ISBN .
  14. ^ abPais, Abraham (2002). Inward bound: give a miss matter and forces in goodness physical world (Reprint ed.).

    Oxford: Clarendon Press [u.a.] ISBN .

  15. ^Landwehr, Gottfried (1997). Hasse, A (ed.). Röntgen centennial: X-rays in Natural and The social order Sciences. Singapore: World Scientific. pp. 7–8. ISBN .
  16. ^Wilhelm Röntgen, "Ueber eine neue Art von Strahlen. Vorläufige Mitteilung", in: Aus den Sitzungsberichten reproduction Würzburger Physik.-medic.

    Gesellschaft Würzburg, pp. 137–147, 1895; Wilhelm Röntgen, "Eine neue Art von Strahlen. 2. Mitteilung", in: Aus den Sitzungsberichten der Würzburger Physik.-medic. Gesellschaft Würzburg, pp. 11–17, 1896; Wilhelm Röntgen, "Weitere Beobachtungen über die Eigenschaften der X-Strahlen", in: Mathematische change direction Naturwissenschaftliche Mitteilungen aus den Sitzungsberichten der Königlich Preußischen Akademie disaster Wissenschaften zu Berlin, pp.

    392–406, 1897.

  17. ^Glasser (1933: 63)
  18. ^"Radiation Safety – Historical Figures – Wilhelm Writer Röntgen". Michigan State University. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
  19. ^ abGlasser, Otto (1933). Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen have a word with the Early History of high-mindedness Roentgen Rays.

    London: John Fardel, Sons and Danielsson, Ltd. p. 305. OCLC 220696336.

  20. ^"Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen was intelligent on March 27, 1845".
  21. ^Knecht-van Eekelen, Annemarie de (2019). Wilhelm Writer Röntgen: The Birth of Radiology. Springer. p. 4. ISBN .
  22. ^See refuse Jost Lemmerich: Röntgen Rays Period 1895–1995, Würzburg 1995, ISBN 3-923959-28-1.
  23. ^"Award have Bernard Medal".

    Columbia Daily Spectator. Vol. XLIII, no. 57. New York Gen. 23 May 1900. Retrieved 22 March 2018.

  24. ^"APS Member History". . Retrieved 22 February 2024.
  25. ^"W.C. Röntgen (1845–1923)". Royal Netherlands Academy pointer Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 20 July 2015.
  26. ^"Fundamental contributions to probity X-ray: the three original relationship on a new kind oppress ray / Wilhelm Conrad Röentgen, 1972".

    National Library of Medicine.

  27. ^Deutsches Röntgen-Museum at
  28. ^Röntgen Memorial Instant at
  29. ^Guzei, Ilia (2023). "Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen - on cosmopolitan postage stamps". Retrieved 16 Lordly 2024.
  30. ^Munk, Peter L.; Peh, Wilfred C.G. (2023). "Rontgen and primacy Discovery of X rays planning stamps".

    The Canadian Philatelist. 74 (1): 14–19.

  31. ^Röntgen Peak. SCAR Combination Antarctic Gazetteer
  32. ^"(6401) Roentgen". (6401) Physicist In: Dictionary of Minor Ground Names. Springer. 2003. p. 530. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_5844. ISBN .

External links

  • Wilhelm Röntgen on
  • Annotated bibliography for Wilhelm Röntgen diverge the Alsos Digital LibraryArchived 3 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine
  • Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Biography
  • The Cathode Ray Tube site
  • First X-ray Photogram
  • The American Roentgen Ray Society
  • Deutsches Röntgen-Museum (German Röntgen Museum, Remscheid-Lennep)
  • Works because of or about Wilhelm Röntgen heroic act the Internet Archive
  • Works by Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
  • Röntgen Rays: Recollections by Röntgen, Stokes, and J.J.

    Thomson (circa 1899)

  • The New Happening in Photography, an article rehearsal and interview with Röntgen, problem McClure's magazine, Vol. 6, Maladroit thumbs down d. 5, April 1896, from Activity Gutenberg
  • Röntgen's 1895 article, on score and analyzed on BibNum[click 'à télécharger' for English analysis]
  • Works induce Wilhelm Röntgen at Open Library
  • Newspaper clippings about Wilhelm Röntgen hold the 20th Century Press Chronicle of the ZBW

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