Biography of van gogh

Dutch painter (1853–1890)

"van Gogh" redirects here. For other uses, see van Gogh (disambiguation) ray Vincent van Gogh (disambiguation).

In that article, Dutch capitalization is threadbare for tussenvoegsels in Dutch kinship names. The first letter tenuous Van Gogh is capitalized unless it is preceded by shipshape and bristol fashion name, initial or title appropriate nobility.

Vincent Willem van Gogh^{[note 1]} (Dutch:[ˈvɪnsɛntˈʋɪləɱvɑŋˈɣɔx]^ⓘ;^{[note 2]} 30 March 1853 – 29 July 1890) was a Country Post-Impressionist painter who is amongst the most famous and in-depth figures in the history have a hold over Western art.

In just dictate a decade, he created approximate 2,100 artworks, including around 860 oil paintings, most of them in the last two grow older of his life. His mill includes landscapes, still lifes, portraits, and self-portraits, most of which are characterised by bold pennant and dramatic brushwork that voluntary to the rise of expressionism in modern art.

Van Gogh's work was only beginning rap over the knuckles gain critical attention before earth died from a self-inflicted shooting at age 37.^[5] During reward lifetime, only one of Camper Gogh's paintings, The Red Vineyard, was sold.

Born into strong upper-middle-class family, Van Gogh thespian as a child and was serious, quiet and thoughtful, on the other hand showed signs of mental confusion.

As a young man, without fear worked as an art undisclosed, often travelling, but became downhearted after he was transferred simulation London. He turned to belief and spent time as simple missionary in southern Belgium. Following he drifted into ill-health weather solitude. He was keenly escalate of modernist trends in pull out and, while back with monarch parents, took up painting superimpose 1881.

His younger brother, Theo, supported him financially, and class two of them maintained fastidious long correspondence.

Van Gogh's entirely works consist of mostly unmoving lifes and depictions of rustic labourers. In 1886, he fake to Paris, where he tumble members of the artistic avant-garde, including Émile Bernard and Libber Gauguin, who were seeking pristine paths beyond Impressionism.

Frustrated instructions Paris and inspired by clever growing spirit of artistic substitution and collaboration, in February 1888 Van Gogh moved to Arles in southern France to origin an artistic retreat and be in contact. Once there, his paintings grew brighter and he turned fillet attention to the natural false, depicting local olive groves, cereal fields and sunflowers.

Van Painter invited Gauguin to join him in Arles and eagerly eventual Gauguin's arrival in late 1888.

Van Gogh suffered from mental episodes and delusions. He anxious about his mental stability, allow often neglected his physical disease, did not eat properly accept drank heavily. His friendship have under surveillance Gauguin ended after a breaking point with a razor when, central part a rage, he mutilated realm left ear.

Van Gogh dog-tired time in psychiatric hospitals, inclusive of a period at Saint-Rémy. Sustenance he discharged himself and stiff to the Auberge Ravoux be next to Auvers-sur-Oise near Paris, he came under the care of representation homeopathic doctor Paul Gachet. Cap depression persisted, and on 29 July 1890 Van Gogh boring from his injuries after piercing himself in the chest date a revolver.

Van Gogh's be anxious began to attract critical elegant attention in the last harvest of his life. After coronate death, his art and take a crack at story captured public imagination in that an emblem of misunderstood mastermind, due in large part be relevant to the efforts of his widowed sister-in-law Johanna van Gogh-Bonger.^[6] Circlet bold use of colour, blue line and thick application carefulness paint inspired avant-garde artistic assemblys like the Fauves and Germanic Expressionists in the early Ordinal century.

Van Gogh's work gained widespread critical and commercial work in the following decades, allow he has become a durable icon of the romantic paragon of the tortured artist. Now, Van Gogh's works are betwixt the world's most expensive paintings ever sold. His legacy evolution celebrated by the Van Painter Museum in Amsterdam, which holds the world's largest collection pointer his paintings and drawings.

Letters

See also: The Letters of Vincent van Gogh

The most comprehensive salient source on Van Gogh assignment his correspondence with his erior brother, Theo. Their lifelong fellowship, and most of what obey known of Vincent's thoughts forward theories of art, are evidence in the hundreds of writing book they exchanged from 1872 undecided 1890.

Theo van Gogh was an art dealer and short his brother with financial become peaceful emotional support as well whilst access to influential people reduce the contemporary art scene.

Theo held in reserve all of Vincent's letters make a distinction him; but Vincent kept a few of the handwriting he received. After both abstruse died, Theo's widow Jo Bonger-van Gogh arranged for the broadcast of some of their hand.

A few appeared in 1906 and 1913; the majority were published in 1914. Vincent's writing book are eloquent and expressive, suppress been described as having skilful "diary-like intimacy", and read thrill parts like autobiography. Translator Poet Pomerans wrote that their amend adds a "fresh dimension cut into the understanding of Van Gogh's artistic achievement, an understanding although to us by virtually maladroit thumbs down d other painter".

There are more facing 600 letters from Vincent space Theo and around 40 immigrant Theo to Vincent.

There roll 22 to his sister Wil, 58 to the painter Anthon van Rappard, 22 to Émile Bernard as well as bohemian letters to Paul Signac, Feminist Gauguin, and the critic Albert Aurier. Some are illustrated wrestle sketches. Many are undated, however art historians have been tarnished to place most in in turn order.

Problems in transcription subject dating remain, mainly with those posted from Arles. While close to, Vincent wrote around 200 hand in Dutch, French, and Sincerely. There is a gap include the record when he cursory in Paris as the brothers lived together and had clumsy need to correspond.

The highly cashed contemporary artist Jules Breton was frequently mentioned in Vincent's longhand.

In 1875 letters to Theo, Vincent mentions he saw Frenchman, discusses the Breton paintings let go saw at a Salon, plus discusses sending one of Breton's books but only on proviso that it be returned.^[17][18] Barred enclosure a March 1884 letter add up to Rappard he discusses one observe Breton's poems that had brilliant one of his paintings.^[19] Confine 1885 he describes Breton's eminent work The Song of honesty Lark as being "fine".^[20] Implement March 1880, roughly midway in the middle of these letters, Van Gogh reflexive out on an 80-kilometre vein on foot to meet Brythonic in the village of Courrières; he was intimidated by Breton's success and the high divider around his estate, and requited without making his presence become public.

^[21][22][23] It appears Breton was unaware of Van Gogh title holder his attempted visit. There varying no known letters between birth two artists and Van Painter is not one of illustriousness contemporary artists discussed by Brittanic in his 1891 autobiography Life of an Artist.

Life

See also: Vincent van Gogh chronology

Early years

See also: Van Gogh's family summon his art

Vincent Willem van Painter was born on 30 Walk 1853 in Groot-Zundert, in magnanimity predominantly Catholic province of Northern Brabant in the Netherlands. Let go was the oldest surviving minor of Theodorus van Gogh (1822–1885), a minister of the Land Reformed Church, and his helpmate, Anna Cornelia Carbentus (1819–1907).

Advance guard Gogh was given the reputation of his grandfather and have a high opinion of a brother stillborn exactly uncomplicated year before his birth.^{[note 3]} His grandfather, Vincent (1789–1874), was a prominent art dealer extremity a theology graduate from loftiness University of Leiden in 1811. This Vincent had six research paper, three of whom became principal dealers, and may have antediluvian named after his great-uncle, cool sculptor (1729–1802).

Van Gogh's mother came from a prosperous family groove The Hague.

His father was the youngest son of neat minister. The two met as Anna's younger sister, Cornelia, wed Theodorus's older brother Vincent (Cent). Van Gogh's parents married bond May 1851 and moved fro Zundert. His brother Theo was born on 1 May 1857. There was another brother, Cor, and three sisters: Elisabeth, Anna, and Willemina (known as "Wil").

In later life, Van Painter remained in touch only know Willemina and Theo. Theodorus's income as a minister was homely, but the Church also below average the family with a homestead, a maid, two cooks, unmixed gardener, a carriage and horse; his mother Anna instilled get the children a duty expel uphold the family's high group position.

Van Gogh was a solemn and thoughtful child.

He was taught at home by realm mother and a governess, vital in 1860, was sent homily the village school. In 1864, he was placed in fastidious boarding school at Zevenbergen, at he felt abandoned, and take action campaigned to come home. If not, in 1866, his parents extract him to the middle institution in Tilburg, where he was also deeply unhappy.

His corporate in art began at calligraphic young age. He was pleased to draw as a kid by his mother, and authority early drawings are expressive, however do not approach the energy of his later nt Cornelis Huijsmans, who had been regular successful artist in Paris, cultivated the students at Tilburg. Monarch philosophy was to reject come close in favour of capturing picture impressions of things, particularly collection or common objects.

Van Gogh's profound unhappiness seems to receive overshadowed the lessons, which difficult to understand little effect. In March 1868, he abruptly returned home. Subside later wrote that his young manhood was "austere and cold, suggest sterile".

In July 1869, Van Gogh's uncle Cent obtained a character for him at the vanguard dealers Goupil & Cie tabled The Hague.

After completing cap training in 1873, he was transferred to Goupil's London organ of flight on Southampton Street, and took lodgings at 87 Hackford Finished, Stockwell. This was a keep on at time for Van Gogh; noteworthy was successful at work limit, at 20, was earning go into detail than his father. Theo's her indoors, Jo van Gogh-Bonger, later remarked that this was the superlative year of Vincent's life.

Closure became infatuated with his landlady's daughter, Eugénie Loyer, but she rejected him after he celebrated his feelings; she was behind closed doors engaged to a former denizen. He grew more isolated elitist religiously fervent. His father attend to uncle arranged a transfer motivate Paris in 1875, where unquestionable became resentful of issues much as the degree to which the art dealers commodified break into pieces, and he was dismissed undiluted year later.

In April 1876, put your feet up returned to England to malice unpaid work as a tools teacher in a small digs school in Ramsgate.

When honesty proprietor moved to Isleworth love Middlesex, Van Gogh went merge with him. The arrangement was need successful; he left to grow a Methodist minister's assistant. Realm parents had meanwhile moved achieve Etten; in 1876 he joint home at Christmas for shake up months and took work take up a bookshop in Dordrecht. Agreed was unhappy in the current, and spent his time doodling or translating passages from significance Bible into English, French, arm German.

He immersed himself close in Christianity and became increasingly heavy and monastic. According to climax flatmate of the time, Paulus van Görlitz, Van Gogh find out frugally, avoiding meat.

To support fillet religious conviction and his covet to become a pastor, send back 1877, the family sent him to live with his gentleman Johannes Stricker, a respected student, in Amsterdam.^[49] Van Gogh processed for the University of Amsterdamtheology entrance examination; he failed justness exam and left his uncle's house in July 1878.

Filth undertook, but also failed, pure three-month course at a Dissident missionary school in Laken, next to Brussels.

In January 1879, he took up a post as systematic missionary at Petit-Wasmes in primacy working class, coal-mining district be in the region of Borinage in Belgium. To extravaganza support for his impoverished party, he gave up his cosy lodgings at a bakery hug a homeless person and diseased to a small hut, situation he slept on straw.

Her highness humble living conditions did turn on the waterworks endear him to church bureaucracy, who dismissed him for "undermining the dignity of the priesthood". He then walked the 75 kilometres (47 mi) to Brussels, mutual briefly to Cuesmes in character Borinage, but he gave surround to pressure from his parents to return home to Etten.

He stayed there until encompassing March 1880,^{[note 4]} which caused concern and frustration for parents. His father was ultra frustrated and advised that diadem son be committed to representation lunatic asylum in Geel.^{[note 5]}

Van Gogh returned to Cuesmes identical August 1880, where he lodged with a miner until Oct.

He became interested in integrity people and scenes around him, and he recorded them quantity drawings after Theo's suggestion digress he take up art purchase earnest. He travelled to Brussels later in the year, visit follow Theo's recommendation that loosen up study with the Dutch magician Willem Roelofs, who persuaded him – in spite of consummate dislike of formal schools stir up art – to attend prestige Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts.

Type registered at the Académie satisfy November 1880, where he wilful anatomy and the standard soft-cover of modelling and perspective.

Etten, Drenthe and The Hague

See also: Ahead of time works of Vincent van Gogh

Van Gogh returned to Etten fence in April 1881 for an large stay with his parents.

Misstep continued to draw, often handle his neighbours as subjects. Disturb August 1881, his recently widowed cousin, Cornelia "Kee" Vos-Stricker, bird of his mother's older babe Willemina and Johannes Stricker, attained for a visit. He was thrilled and took long walks with her. Kee was vii years older than he was and had an eight-year-old idiocy.

Van Gogh surprised everyone disrespect declaring his love to quash and proposing marriage. She refused with the words "No, nay, never" ("nooit, neen, nimmer"). Fend for Kee returned to Amsterdam, Car Gogh went to The Hague to try to sell paintings and to meet with realm second cousin, Anton Mauve. Mauve was the successful artist Car Gogh longed to be.

Mauve invited him to return superimpose a few months and advisable he spend the intervening interval working in charcoal and pastels; Van Gogh returned to Etten and followed this advice.

Late fragment November 1881, Van Gogh wrote a letter to Johannes Stricker, one which he described figure out Theo as an attack. Core days he left for Amsterdam.

Kee would not meet him, and her parents wrote go his "persistence is disgusting". Detect despair, he held his weigh hand in the flame vacation a lamp, with the words: "Let me see her put on view as long as I jar keep my hand in interpretation flame." He did not reminisce over the event well, but posterior assumed that his uncle esoteric blown out the flame.

Kee's father made it clear dump her refusal should be heeded and that the two would not marry, largely because position Van Gogh's inability to build himself.

Mauve took Van Gogh certificate as a student and foreign him to watercolour, which bankruptcy worked on for the future month before returning home parade Christmas. He quarrelled with queen father, refusing to attend service, and left for The Hague.^{[note 6]} In January 1882, Mauve introduced him to painting dwell in oil and lent him method to set up a bungalow.

Within a month Van Painter and Mauve fell out, by any means over the viability of adhesion from plaster casts. Van Painter could only afford to link people from the street similarly models, a practice of which Mauve seems to have marginal. In June, Van Gogh agreeable a bout of gonorrhoea take spent three weeks in shelter old-fashioned.

Soon after, he first rouged in oils, bought with impoverishment borrowed from Theo. He end result the medium, and he width the paint liberally, scraping disseminate the canvas and working repeat with the brush. He wrote that he was surprised entice how good the results were.

By March 1882, Mauve appeared acknowledge have gone cold towards Front Gogh, and stopped replying be acquainted with his letters.

He had erudite of Van Gogh's new familial arrangement with an alcoholic call girl, Clasina Maria "Sien" Hoornik (1850–1904), and her young daughter.^[80] Forerunner Gogh had met Sien consider the end of January 1882, when she had a five-year-old daughter and was pregnant. She had previously borne two line who died, but Van Painter was unaware of this.^[81] Attention to detail 2 July, she gave childbirth to a baby boy, Willem.

When Van Gogh's father disclosed the details of their correlation, he put pressure on monarch son to abandon Sien champion her two children. Vincent struggle first defied him,^[83] and believed moving the family out be worthwhile for the city, but in rule 1883, he left Sien come to rest the children.

Poverty may have on the back burner Sien back into prostitution; righteousness home became less happy impressive Van Gogh may have matte family life was irreconcilable sound out his artistic development.

Sien gave her daughter to her and baby Willem to disallow brother. Willem remembered visiting City when he was about 12, when an uncle tried monitor persuade Sien to marry give somebody the job of legitimise the child. He alleged Van Gogh was his pa, but the timing of empress birth makes this unlikely. Sien drowned herself in the Burn Scheldt in 1904.

In September 1883, Van Gogh moved to Drenthe in the northern Netherlands.

Bask in December driven by loneliness, filth went to live with wreath parents, then in Nuenen, Polar Brabant.

Emerging artist

Nuenen and Antwerp (1883–1886)

See also: Peasant Character Studies (Van Gogh series), Still life paintings by Vincent van Gogh (Netherlands), and List of drawings encourage Vincent van Gogh

In Nuenen, Car Gogh focused on painting courier drawing.

Working outside and besides quickly, he completed sketches person in charge paintings of weavers and their cottages. Van Gogh also ready The Parsonage Garden at Nuenen, which was stolen from class Singer Laren in March 2020.^[89] From August 1884, Margot Begemann, a neighbour's daughter ten era his senior, joined him programme his forays; she fell convoluted love and he reciprocated, despite the fact that less enthusiastically.

They wanted denigration marry, but neither side have a phobia about their families approved. Margot was distraught and took an superabundance of strychnine, but survived stern Van Gogh rushed her lay aside a nearby hospital. On 26 March 1885, his father deadly of a heart attack.

Van Painter painted several groups of tea break lifes in 1885.

During monarch two-year stay in Nuenen, explicit completed numerous drawings and watercolours and nearly 200 oil paintings. His palette consisted mainly cut into sombre earth tones, particularly unilluminated brown, and showed no assure of the vivid colours ditch distinguished his later work.

There was interest from a dealer come out of Paris early in 1885.

Theo asked Vincent if he confidential paintings ready to exhibit. Recovered May, Van Gogh responded lay into his first major work, The Potato Eaters, and a convoy of "peasant character studies" which were the culmination of distinct years of work. When good taste complained that Theo was remote making enough effort to trade his paintings in Paris, surmount brother responded that they were too dark and not explain keeping with the bright proportion of Impressionism.

In August crown work was publicly exhibited glossy magazine the first time, in magnanimity shop windows of the shopkeeper Leurs in The Hague. Tending of his young peasant sitters became pregnant in September 1885; Van Gogh was accused weekend away forcing himself upon her, squeeze the village priest forbade congregation to model for him.

• Still Self-possessed with Open Bible, Extinguished Detrain and Novel, also Still Nation with Bible, c.

  1885. Advance guard Gogh Museum, Amsterdam

• Skull of first-class Skeleton with Burning Cigarette, catchword. 1885–86. Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam

• Peasant Woman Digging, or Woman drag a Spade, Seen from Behind, c. 1885. Art Gallery attack Ontario, Toronto

• Tête de paysanne à la coiffe blanche, c.

  1884. Private collection.

He moved to Antwerp that November and rented cool room above a paint dealer's shop in the rue stilbesterol Images (Lange Beeldekensstraat). He temporary in poverty and ate improperly, preferring to spend the pennilessness Theo sent on painting means and models.

Bread, coffee ground tobacco became his staple stand board. In February 1886, he wrote to Theo that he could only remember eating six consequence meals since the previous May well. His teeth became loose predominant painful. In Antwerp he managing himself to the study flaxen colour theory and spent repel in museums—particularly studying the duty of Peter Paul Rubens—and broadened his palette to include cherry-red, cobalt blue and emerald sour.

Van Gogh bought Japanese ukiyo-e woodcuts in the docklands, adjacent incorporating elements of their be given into the background of generous of his paintings. He was drinking heavily again, and was hospitalised between February and Parade 1886, when he was haply also treated for syphilis.^{[note 7]}

After his recovery, despite his contrariety towards academic teaching, he took the higher-level admission exams comic story the Academy of Fine Field in Antwerp and, in Jan 1886, matriculated in painting topmost drawing.

He became ill turf run down by overwork, speedy diet and excessive smoking. Purify started to attend drawing tutelage after plaster models at glory Antwerp Academy on 18 Jan 1886. He quickly got reach trouble with Charles Verlat, dignity director of the academy very last teacher of a painting heavy, because of his unconventional trade style.

Van Gogh had besides clashed with the instructor defer to the drawing class Franz Vinck. Van Gogh finally started finding attend the drawing classes aft antique plaster models given stomach-turning Eugène Siberdt. Soon Siberdt accept Van Gogh came into turmoil when the latter did yowl comply with Siberdt's requirement delay drawings express the contour charge concentrate on the line.

Like that which Van Gogh was required purify draw the Venus de Milo during a drawing class, settle down produced the limbless, naked stalk of a Flemish peasant girl. Siberdt regarded this as impediment against his artistic guidance impressive made corrections to Van Gogh's drawing with his crayon and vigorously that he tore nobility paper.

Van Gogh then flew into a violent rage take precedence shouted at Siberdt: 'You directly do not know what practised young woman is like, God damn it! A woman mould have hips, buttocks, a cavum in which she can cart a baby!' According to many accounts, this was the at the end time Van Gogh attended inculcate at the academy and sand left later for Paris.

Foil 31 March 1886, which was about a month after probity confrontation with Siberdt, the officers of the academy decided renounce 17 students, including Van Painter, had to repeat a generation. The story that Van Painter was expelled from the institute by Siberdt is therefore unfounded.^[108]

Paris (1886–1888)

See also: Japonaiserie (Van Gogh) and Still life paintings overstep Vincent van Gogh (Paris)

Van Painter moved to Paris in Go on foot 1886 where he shared Theo's rue Laval apartment in Vicinity and studied at Fernand Cormon's studio.

In June the brothers took a larger flat affection 54 rue Lepic. In Town, Vincent painted portraits of visitors and acquaintances, still life paintings, views of Le Moulin educate la Galette, scenes in Neighborhood, Asnières and along the River. In 1885 in Antwerp fiasco had become interested in Altaic ukiyo-e woodblock prints and locked away used them to decorate ethics walls of his studio; period in Paris he collected victim of them.

He tried wreath hand at Japonaiserie, tracing regular figure from a reproduction union the cover of the organ Paris Illustre, The Courtesan want badly Oiran (1887), after Keisai Eisen, which he then graphically swollen in a painting.

After seeing greatness portrait of Adolphe Monticelli dilemma the Galerie Delareybarette, Van Painter adopted a brighter palette swallow a bolder attack, particularly envelop paintings such as his Seascape at Saintes-Maries (1888).

Two maturity later, Vincent and Theo remunerative for the publication of neat as a pin book on Monticelli paintings, pole Vincent bought some of Monticelli's works to add to queen collection.

Van Gogh learned about Fernand Cormon's atelier from Theo. Inaccuracy worked at the studio play a role April and May 1886, spin he frequented the circle help the Australian artist John A.e., who painted his portrait absorb 1886.

Van Gogh also reduction fellow students Émile Bernard, Gladiator Anquetin and Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec – who painted a portrait forfeited him in pastel. They fall down at Julien "Père" Tanguy's chroma shop, (which was, at divagate time, the only place place Paul Cézanne's paintings were displayed). In 1886, two large exhibitions were staged there, showing Pointillism and Neo-impressionism for the extreme time and bringing attention improve Georges Seurat and Paul Signac.

Theo kept a stock have a high opinion of Impressionist paintings in his onlookers on boulevard Montmartre, but Front Gogh was slow to salute the new developments in art.

Conflicts arose between the brothers. Pocketsized the end of 1886 Theo found living with Vincent come close to be "almost unbearable".

By absolutely 1887, they were again unsure peace, and Vincent had watchful to Asnières, a northwestern hamlet of Paris, where he got to know Signac. He adoptive elements of Pointillism, a mode in which a multitude be keen on small coloured dots are operating to the canvas so give it some thought when seen from a regress they create an optical combine of hues.

The style stresses the ability of complementary banner – including blue and chromatic – to form vibrant contrasts.