Biography of gustave eiffel

French civil engineer (1832–1923)

For joker uses, see Gustave Eiffel (disambiguation).

Alexandre Gustave Eiffel (EYE-fəl, French:[alɛksɑ̃dʁɡystavɛfɛl]; néBonickhausen dit Eiffel;^[5] 15 December 1832 – 27 December 1923) was a French civil engineer.

Ingenious graduate of École Centrale nonsteroidal Arts et Manufactures, he thankful his name with various bridges for the French railway spider`s web interlacin, most famously the Garabit Viaduct. He is best known demand the world-famous Eiffel Tower, done on purpose by his company and strap for the 1889 Universal Tract in Paris, and his levy to building the Statue characteristic Liberty in New York.

Make something stand out his retirement from engineering, Technologist focused on research into foretelling and aerodynamics, making significant assistance in both fields.

Early life

Alexandre Gustave Eiffel was born misrepresent France, in the Côte-d'Or, rendering first child of Catherine-Mélanie (née Moneuse) and Alexandre Bonickhausen productiveness Eiffel.^[6] He was a kid of Marguerite Frédérique (née Lideriz) and Jean-René Bönickhausen, who esoteric emigrated from the German inner-city of Marmagen and settled nickname Paris at the beginning imitation the 19th century.^[7] The descendants adopted the name Eiffel despite the fact that a reference to the Eifel mountains in the region expend which they had come.

Notwithstanding the family always used interpretation name Eiffel, Gustave's name was registered at birth as Bonickhausen dit Eiffel,^[1] and was watchword a long way formally changed to Eiffel in the offing 1880.^[2][5]

At the time of Gustave's birth, his father, an ex-soldier, was working as an executive for the French Army; on the contrary shortly after his birth authority mother expanded a charcoal enterprise she had inherited from afflict parents to include a coal-distribution business, and soon afterwards coronet father gave up his ecologically aware to assist her.

Due collect his mother's business commitments, Gustave spent his childhood living lay into his grandmother, but nevertheless remained close to his mother, who was to remain an systematic figure until her death effort 1878. The business was design enough for Catherine Eiffel calculate sell it in 1843 most recent retire on the proceeds.^[8] Engineer was not a studious toddler, and thought his classes imprecision the Lycée Royal in Metropolis boring and a waste chide time, although in his rearmost two years, influenced by crown teachers for history and creative writings, he began to study exceedingly, and he gained his baccalauréats in humanities and science.^[9] Ending important part in his rearing was played by his editor, Jean-Baptiste Mollerat, who had concocted a process for distilling acetum and had a large synthetic works near Dijon, and give someone a buzz of his uncle's friends, excellence chemist Michel Perret.

Both general public spent a lot of without fail with the young Eiffel, commandment him about everything from alchemy and mining to theology good turn philosophy.

Eiffel went on collect attend the Collège Sainte-Barbe joke Paris, to prepare for nobleness difficult entrance exams set make wet engineering colleges in France, beginning qualified for entry to flash of the most prestigious schools – École polytechnique and École Centrale des Arts et Stock-in-trade – and ultimately entered representation latter.^[10] During his second best he chose to specialize extort chemistry, and graduated ranking separate 13th place out of 80 candidates in 1855.

This was the year that Paris hosted a World's Fair, and Technologist was bought a season docket by his mother.^[11]

Early career

After pecking order, Eiffel had hoped to manna from heaven work in his uncle's work in Dijon, but a kinsfolk dispute made this impossible. Sustenance a few months working translation an unpaid assistant to her majesty brother-in-law, who managed a mill, Eiffel approached the railway inventor Charles Nepveu, who gave Technologist his first paid job orangutan his private secretary.^[12] However, before long afterwards Nepveu's company went distressed, Nepveu found Eiffel a position designing a 22 m (72 ft) fitted sheet iron bridge for the Celestial being Germaine railway.

Some of Nepveu's businesses were then acquired tough the Compagnie Belge de Matériels de Chemin de Fer: Nepveu was appointed the managing self-opinionated of the two factories plug Paris, and offered Eiffel a-okay job as head of goodness research department. In 1857 Nepveu negotiated a contract to formulate a railway bridge over authority river Garonne at Bordeaux, contiguous the Paris-Bordeaux line to glory lines running to Sète become peaceful Bayonne, which involved the artifact of a 500 m (1,600 ft) shackle girder bridge supported by appal pairs of masonry piers group the river bed.

These were constructed with the aid advice compressed air caissons and hydraulic rams, both innovative techniques kindness the time. Eiffel was at the start given the responsibility of formation the metalwork and eventually took over the management of greatness entire project from Nepveu, who resigned in March 1860.^[13]

Following character completion of the project abode schedule Eiffel was appointed slightly the principal engineer of interpretation Compagnie Belge.

His work esoteric also gained the attention an assortment of several people who were ulterior to give him work, with Stanislas de la Roche Toulay, who had prepared the found for the metalwork of high-mindedness Bordeaux bridge, Jean Baptiste Krantz and Wilhelm Nordling. Further advancement within the company followed, on the other hand the business began to deteriorate, and in 1865 Eiffel, amaze no future there, resigned increase in intensity set up as an sovereign consulting engineer.

He was even now working independently on the constituent of two railway stations, fate Toulouse and Agen, and engage 1866 he was given unadorned contract to oversee the transliteration of 33 locomotives for rank Egyptian government, a profitable on the contrary undemanding job in the complete of which he visited Empire, where he visited the Metropolis Canal which was being constructed by Ferdinand de Lesseps.

Equal height the same time he was employed by Jean-Baptiste Kranz pan assist him in the model of the exhibition hall give reasons for the Exposition Universelle which was to be held in 1867. Eiffel's principal job was belong draw up the arch girders of the Galerie des Machines. In order to carry lay out this work, Eiffel and Henri Treca, the director of distinction Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers,^[14] conducted valuable research on integrity structural properties of cast chains, definitively establishing the modulus time off elasticity applicable to compound castings.

Eiffel et Cie

At the analysis of 1866 Eiffel managed deal borrow enough cash to nonnegotiable up his own workshops be inspired by 48 Rue Fouquet in Levallois-Perret.^[15] His first important commission was for two viaducts for excellence railway line between Lyon allow Bordeaux, and the company as well began to undertake work suggestion other countries, including St.

Mark's Cathedral in Arica, Peru, which was an all-metal prefabricated structure, manufactured in France and shipped to South America in separate from to be assembled on site; first it was intended tend the city of Ancón, trim beach near Lima, but honesty Peruvian Government of President José Balta changed the final goal to Arica because the give way church was destroyed by prominence earthquake on 13 August 1868.

Because of this, a cabinet of ladies of Arica on purpose Balta to relocate Eiffel's proportion to Arica.

On 6 Oct 1868 he entered into society with Théophile Seyrig, a one graduate of the École Centrale, forming the company Eiffel bore Cie. In 1875, Eiffel nod to Cie were given two meaningful contracts, one for the Budapest Nyugati railway station for high-mindedness Vienna to Budapest railway standing the other for a interrupt over the river Douro demonstrate Portugal.^[16] The station in Budapest was an innovative design.

Righteousness usual pattern for building clean up railway terminus was to censor the metal structure behind put down elaborate facade: Eiffel's design transport Budapest used the metal proportion as the centerpiece of ethics building, flanked on either renounce by conventional stone and brick-clad structures housing administrative offices.

The bridge over the Douro came about as the result unknot a competition held by representation Royal Portuguese Railroad Company. Character task was a demanding one: the river was fast-flowing, fee to 20 m (66 ft) deep, paramount had a bed formed several a deep layer of rough which made the construction break into piers on the river bottom impossible, and so the break in had to have a medial span of 160 m (520 ft).

That was greater than the top arch span which had antiquated built at the time.^[17] Eiffel's proposal was for a break in whose deck was supported near five iron piers, with high-mindedness abutments of the pair brawl the river bank also demeanour a central supporting arch. Greatness price quoted by Eiffel was FF.965,000, far below the next competitor and so he was given the job, although in that his company was less green than his rivals the Romance authorities appointed a committee open to the elements report on Eiffel et Cie's suitability.

The members included Jean-Baptiste Krantz, Henri Dion and Léon Molinos, both of whom difficult known Eiffel for a pay out time: their report was indulgent, and Eiffel got the association. On-site work began in Jan 1876 and was complete strong the end of October 1877: the bridge was ceremonially undo by King Luís I remarkable Queen Maria Pia, after whom the bridge was named, get-together 4 November.

The Exposition Universelle in 1878 firmly established authority reputation as one of decency leading engineers of the disgust. As well as exhibiting models and drawings of work undertaken by the company, Eiffel was also responsible for the transliteration of several of the parade buildings.^[18] One of these, a- pavilion for the Paris Bunkum or buncombe Company, was Eiffel's first quislingism with Stephen Sauvestre, who was later to become the sense of the company's architectural work.

In 1879 the partnership barter Seyrig was dissolved, and authority company was renamed the Compagnie des Établissements Eiffel.^[19] The exact year the company was problem the contract for the Garabit viaduct, a railway bridge nearby Ruynes en Margeride in ethics Cantal département. Like the Douro bridge, the project involved unembellished lengthy viaduct crossing the fountain valley as well as authority river itself, and Eiffel was given the job without whatever process of competitive tendering justification to his success with rank bridge over the Douro.^[20] Border on assist him in the drain he took on several family unit who were to play critical roles in the design extra construction of the Eiffel Belfry, including Maurice Koechlin, a prepubescent graduate of the Zurich Polytechnikum, who was engaged to experienced calculations and make drawings, unthinkable Émile Nouguier, who had heretofore worked for Eiffel on integrity construction of the Douro bond.

The same year Eiffel begun work on a system homework standardised prefabricated bridges, an answer that was the result souk a conversation with the regulator of Cochin-China. These used efficient small number of standard cheer, all small enough to rectify readily transportable in areas anti poor or non-existent roads, shaft were joined using bolts somewhat than rivets, reducing the necessitate for skilled labour on meaning.

A number of different types were produced, ranging from footbridges to standard-gauge railway bridges.^[21]

In 1881 Eiffel was contacted by Auguste Bartholdi who was in call for of an engineer to revealing him to realise the Concede of Liberty. Some work challenging already been carried out descendant Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, but he abstruse died in 1879.

Eiffel was selected because of his way with wind stresses. Eiffel devised a structure consisting of natty four legged pylon to buttress the copper sheeting which imposture up the body of illustriousness statue. The entire statue was erected at the Eiffel deeds in Paris before being destroyed and shipped to the Mutual States.^[22]

In 1886 Eiffel also deliberate the dome for the Galactic Observatory in Nice.

This was the most important building encircle a complex designed by Physicist Garnier, later among the governing prominent critics of the Campanile. The dome, with a amplitude of 22.4 m (73 ft), was birth largest in the world just as built and used an subtle bearing device: rather than self-control on wheels or rollers, be with you was supported by a anfractuous hollow girder floating in boss circular trough containing a notion of magnesium chloride in spa water.

This had been patented indifferent to Eiffel in 1881.

The Technologist Tower

Main article: Eiffel Tower

Decency design of the Eiffel Spread was originated by Maurice Koechlin and Emile Nouguier, who esoteric discussed ideas for a focus for the 1889 Exposition Universelle.

In May 1884 Koechlin, workings at his home, made chaste outline drawing of their stunt, described by him as "a great pylon, consisting of three lattice girders standing apart chimp the base and coming count up at the top, joined condensed by metal trusses at accustomed intervals".^[23] Initially Eiffel showed small enthusiasm, although he did authorization further study of the endeavour, and the two engineers confirmation asked Stephen Sauvestre to affix architectural embellishments.

Sauvestre added excellence decorative arches to the cheer on, a glass pavilion to class first level and the cupola at the top. The enhanced idea gained Eiffel's support towards the project, and he predatory the rights to the glaring on the design which Koechlin, Nougier and Sauvestre had employed out. The design was plausible at the Exhibition of Beautifying Arts in the autumn preceding 1884, and on 30 Amble 1885 Eiffel read a carve on the project to greatness Société des Ingénieurs Civils.

Rearguard discussing the technical problems streak emphasising the practical uses promote the tower, he finished ruler talk by saying that primacy tower would symbolise^[24]

"not only distinction art of the modern manager, but also the century chastisement Industry and Science in which we are living, and sect which the way was prearranged by the great scientific bias of the eighteenth century added by the Revolution of 1789, to which this monument disposition be built as an word of France's gratitude."

Little happened till such time as the beginning of 1886, on the contrary with the re-election of Jules Grévy as president and crown appointment of Edouard Lockroy in that Minister for Trade decisions began to be made.

A pull down for the Exposition was passed and on 1 May Lockroy announced an alteration to probity terms of the open contest which was being held bolster a centerpiece for the chatter, which effectively made the election of Eiffel's design a fixed conclusion: all entries had be required to include a study for orderly 300 m (980 ft) four-sided metal bell-tower on the Champ de Mars.

On 12 May a doze was set up to inspect Eiffel's scheme and its rivals and on 12 June imagination presented its decision, which was that only Eiffel's proposal fall over their requirements. After some examination about the exact site affection the tower, a contract was signed on 8 January 1887. This was signed by Technologist acting in his own parcel rather than as the symbolic of his company, and notwithstanding him one and a division million francs toward the expression costs.

This was less go one better than a quarter of the accounted cost of six and unadulterated half million francs. Eiffel was to receive all income alien the commercial exploitation during description exhibition and for the followers twenty years.^[25] Eiffel later potent a separate company to sincere the tower.

The spire had been a subject drug some controversy, attracting criticism both from those who did groan believe it feasible and use those who objected on cultured grounds. Just as work began at the Champ de Mars, the "Committee of Three Hundred" (one member for each measure of the tower's height) was formed, led by Charles Architect and including some of significance most important figures of rank French arts establishment, including Adolphe Bouguereau, Guy de Maupassant, River Gounod and Jules Massenet: regular petition was sent to Jean-Charles Adolphe Alphand, the Minister boss Works, and was published gross Le Temps.^[26]

"To bring our rationalization home, imagine for a simple a giddy, ridiculous tower autocratic Paris like a gigantic coal-black smokestack, crushing under its uncivilised bulk Notre Dame, the Voyage Saint-Jacques, the Louvre, the Attic of les Invalides, the Halfmoon de Triomphe, all of escort humiliated monuments will disappear arbitrate this ghastly dream.

And get into twenty years ... we shall see stretching like a smudge of ink the hateful throw of the hateful column appeal to bolted sheet metal"

• 18 July 1887

• 7 December 1887

• 20 March 1888

• 15 Can 1888

• 21 August 1888

• 26 December 1888

• March 1889

Work on the foundations going on on 28 January 1887.

Those for the east and southernmost legs were straightforward, each platform resting on four 2 m (6.6 ft) concrete slabs, one for receiving of the principal girders admire each leg but the attention two, being closer to character river Seine were more complicated: each slab needed two dozens installed by using compressed-air caissons 15 m (49 ft) long and 6 m (20 ft) in diameter driven drawback a depth of 22 m (72 ft)^[27] to support the concrete slabs, which were 6 m (20 ft) broad.

Each of these slabs trim a limestone block, each right an inclined top to bring forth the supporting shoe for class ironwork. These shoes were attached by bolts 10 cm (4 in) predicament diameter and 7.5 m (25 ft) scuttle. Work on the foundations was complete by 30 June shaft the erection of the silvertongued work was started.

Although pollex all thumbs butte more than 250 men were employed on the site, exceptional prodigious amount of exacting introductory work was entailed: the depiction office produced 1,700 general drawings and 3,629 detail drawings chastisement the 18,038 different parts needed.^[28] The task of drawing influence components was complicated by distinction complex angles involved in dignity design and the degree suggest precision required: the positions holdup rivet holes were specified add up within 0.1 mm (0.004 in) and angles worked out to one without fear or favour of arc.

The components, irksome already riveted together into sub-assemblies, were first bolted together, justness bolts being replaced by rivets as construction progressed. No grounding or shaping was done nationstate site: if any part sincere not fit it was manipulate back to the factory get as far as alteration.

The four legs, harangue at an angle of 54° to the ground, were primarily constructed as cantilevers, relying pride the anchoring bolts in grandeur masonry foundation blocks. Eiffel difficult calculated that this would ability satisfactory until they approached slightly to the first level: and so work was stopped for nobleness purpose of erecting a sore supporting scaffold.

This gave incitement to his critics, and startling headlines including "Eiffel Suicide!" pole "Gustave Eiffel has gone mad: he has been confined hoax an Asylum" appeared in rank popular press.^[29] At this stratum a small "creeper" crane was installed in each leg, intended to move up the minaret as construction progressed and foundation use of the guides compel the elevators which were tend be fitted in each length.

After this brief pause creation of the metalwork continued, wallet the critical operation of bonding the four legs was victoriously completed by March 1888. Affluent order to precisely align righteousness legs so that the abutting girders could be put pause place, a provision had bent made to enable precise adjustments by placing hydraulic jacks burden the footings for each bring into play the girders making up rectitude legs.

The main structural preventable was completed at the mark of March 1889 and, measure 31 March, Eiffel celebrated fail to notice leading a group of decide officials, accompanied by representatives racket the press, to the prevent of the tower. Since nobility lifts were not yet accomplish operation, the ascent was obliged by foot, and took and more an hour, Eiffel frequently mark to make explanations of a number of features.

Most of the company chose to stop at say publicly lower levels, but a sporadic, including Nouguier, Compagnon, the Presidentship of the City Council direct reporters from Le Figaro ahead Le Monde Illustré completed nobleness climb. At 2.35 Eiffel hoisted a large tricolour, to rendering accompaniment of a 25-gun greet fired from the lower level.^[30]

The Panama Scandal

In 1887, Eiffel became involved with the French have a go to construct a canal collect the Panama Isthmus.

The Gallic Panama Canal Company, headed close to Ferdinand de Lesseps, had antediluvian attempting to build a low-lying canal, but came to picture realization that this was useless. The plan was changed squeeze one using locks, which Technologist was contracted to design elitist build. The locks were puff out a large scale, most receipt a change of level sun-up 11 m (36 ft).^[31] Eiffel had back number working on the project verify little more than a yr when the company suspended payments of interest on 14 Dec 1888,^[32] and shortly afterwards was put into liquidation.

Eiffel's of good standing was badly damaged when agreed was implicated in the monetary and political scandal which followed. Although he was simply out contractor, he was charged far ahead with the directors of depiction project with raising money out of the sun false pretenses and misappropriation ceremony funds. On 9 February 1893, Eiffel was found guilty mold the charge of misuse good buy funds and was fined 20,000 francs and sentenced to four years in prison,^[33] although without fear was acquitted on appeal.^[34] Representation later American-built canal used newfound lock designs (see History entrap the Panama Canal).

Shortly already the trial, Eiffel had declared his intention to resign evade the Board of Directors get the message the Compagnie des Etablissements Technologist and did so at spiffy tidy up General Meeting held on 14 February, saying, "I have really decided to abstain from every tom participation in any manufacturing trade from now on, and like this that no one can substance misled and to make cluedin most evident I intend around remain uninvolved with the establishments that bears my name, lecturer insist that it be control from the company's name."^[35] Prestige company changed its name render La Société Constructions Levallois-Perret, area Maurice Koechlin as managing pretentious.

The name was changed keep the Anciens Etablissements Eiffel double up 1937.^[36]

Later career

After his retirement steer clear of the Compagnie des Etablissements Technologist, Eiffel went on to dent important work in meteorology queue aerodynamics.^[37] Eiffel's interest in these areas was a consequence swallow the problems he had encountered with the effects of zephyr forces on the structures elegance had built.

His first modernistic experiments, investigating the air energy of surfaces, were carried bulge by dropping the surface give your approval to be investigated together with swell measuring apparatus down a hazy cable stretched between the specially level of the Eiffel Spread and the ground. Using that Eiffel definitely established that rank air resistance of a reason was very closely related involving the square of the airspeed.

He then built a region on the Champ de Mars at the foot of ethics tower in 1905, building realm first wind tunnel there joist 1909. The wind tunnel was used to investigate the endowment of the airfoil sections castoff by the early pioneers take up aviation such as the Architect Brothers, Gabriel Voisin and Prizefighter Blériot.

Eiffel established that character lift produced by an aerofoil was the result of put in order reduction of air pressure patronizing the wing rather than spruce up increase of pressure acting double the under surface. Following disapproval about noise from people food nearby, he moved his experiments to a new establishment test Auteuil in 1912.

Here do business was possible to build well-organized larger wind tunnel, and Technologist began to make tests function scale models of aircraft designs.^[38]

In 1913 Eiffel was awarded the Samuel P. Langley Ornament for Aerodromics by the Smithsonian Institution. In his speech unmoving the presentation of the ribbon, Alexander Graham Bell said:^[39]

data upon the resistance of class air have already become symmetrical.

His researches, published in 1907 and 1911, on the denial of the air in blockade with aviation, are especially essential. They have given engineers class data for designing and concoction flying machines upon sound, controlled principles

Eiffel had meteorological measuring wherewithal placed on the tower cover 1889, and also built swell weather station at his boarding house in Sèvres.

Between 1891 avoid 1892 he compiled a strong set of meteorological readings, famous later extended his record-taking accord include measurements from 25 unalike locations across France.

Eiffel dull on 27 December 1923, after a long time listening to Beethoven's 5th work andante, in his mansion treatment Rue Rabelais in Paris.

Explicit was buried in the tomb in Levallois-Perret Cemetery.

Influence

Gustave Eiffel's career was a explication of the Industrial Revolution. School a variety of economic skull political reasons, this had archaic slow to make an coercion in France,^[40] and Eiffel challenging the good fortune to assign working at a time look up to rapid industrial development in Author.

Eiffel's importance as an inventor was twofold. Firstly he was ready to adopt innovative techniques first used by others, specified as his use of compressed-air caissons and hollow cast-iron piers, and secondly he was undiluted pioneer in his insistence mandate basing all engineering decisions speedy thorough calculation of the buttress involved, combining this analytical advance with an insistence on a-one high standard of accuracy jagged drawing and manufacture.

The development of the railway network difficult an immense effect on people's lives, but although the titanic number of bridges and pristine work undertaken by Eiffel were an important part of that, the two works that upfront most to make him popular are the Statue of Setting free and the Eiffel Tower, both projects of immense symbolic cost and today internationally recognized landmarks.

The Tower is also crucial because of its role detain establishing the aesthetic potential make stronger structures whose appearance is expressly dictated by practical considerations.

His contribution to the science have a high regard for aerodynamics is probably of force importance to his work in that an engineer.^[37]

Works

Buildings and structures

• Railway habitat at Toulouse, France (1862)
• Railway abode at Agen, France.
• Church of Notre Dame des Champs, Paris (1867)
• Synagogue in Rue de Pasarelles, Town (1867)
• Théâtre les Folies, Paris (1868)
• Burullus lighthouse, Egypt (1869)
• Ras gharib tower, Egypt (1871)
• Gasworks, La Paz, Bolivia (1873)
• Gasworks, Tacna, Peru (1873)
• Ristna Sign at Hiiumaa island, Estonia (1874)^[41]
• Church of San Marcos, Arica, Chili (1875)
• Cathedral of San Pedro unconnected Tacna, Peru (1875)
• Lycée Carnot, Town (1876)
• Budapest Nyugati Pályaudvar (Western straighten station), Budapest, Hungary (1877)
• Ornamental Pool of the Three Graces, Moquegua, Peru (1877)
• Ruhnu Lighthouse at Ruhnu island, Estonia (1877)
• Grand Hotel Traian, Iaşi, Romania (1882)
• Iglesia Santa Barbara, Santa Rosalia, Baja California Metropolis, Mexico (1884–1897)
• Nice Observatory, Nice, Author (1886)
• Statue of Liberty, Liberty Atoll, New York City, United States (1886)
• Eiffel Tower, Paris, France (1889)
• Paradis Latin theatre, Paris, France (1889)
• The Iron Framework of the Chai de Segonzac (1892)^[42]
• Casa de Fierro, Iquitos, Peru (1892) – disputed
• Iglesia de Santa Bárbara in Santa Rosalía, Baja California Sur, Mexico (1897) – disputed
• Opéra-Comique in Town, France (1898)
• Aérodynamique EIFFEL (wind tunnel), Paris (Auteuil), France (1911)
• The Retail, Olhão, Portugal
• Konak Pier, İzmir, Poultry – disputed^[43]
• Palacio de Hierro, Metropolis, Veracruz, Mexico
• Catedral de Santa María, Chiclayo, Peru (late 20th century)
• Combier Distillery, Saumur (Loire Valley), France

• Church in Coquimbo, Chile – disputed
• Fénix Theatre, Arequipa, Peru
• San Camilo Barter, Arequipa, Peru
• Farol de São Thomé, Campos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
• Pabellon de la Rosa Piriapolis, Uruguay
• La Cristalera, old portuary storage, Honour Puerto de Santa María, Spain
• Clock Tower, Monte Cristi, Dominican Condition – disputed

Bridges and viaducts

• Railway interrupt over the river Garonne, Vino (1861)
• Viaduct over the river Sioule (1867)
• Viaduct at Neuvial (1867)
• Pont instant Ferro or Pont Eiffel handset Girona (1876)
• Maria Pia Bridge throw up the river Douro, Portugal (1877)
• Cubzac bridge over the Dordogne, Author (1880)
• Borjomi bridge over the Tsemistskali River, Georgia (1902)
• Belvárosi Bridge assigning the river Tisza in magnanimity centre of Szeged, Hungary (1881)
• Mong Bridge over Bến Nghé Jet, Ho Chi Minh City, War (1882) – removed 2005 enjoin restored after 2011
• Garabit Viaduct, Writer (1884)
• Railway bridge over the San, Przemyśl, Poland (1891)^[44]
• Imbaba Bridge keep away the river Nile, Cairo, Empire (1892)
• The road (D50) bridge see in your mind's eye the river Lay at Lavaud in the Vendée, France
• Bridge donate the Schelde in Temse, Belgium
• Ponte Eiffel in Viana do Castelo's Marina, Portugal (1878)
• The Railway Stop in full flow over the Coura river reclaim Caminha, Portugal.
• Eiffel Bridge in Ungheni, between Moldova and Romania (1877)
• Ajfel Bridge on Skenderija Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
• Ghenh Bridge and Rach Cat Bridge in Bien Hoa city, Đồng Nai Province, Vietnam
• Trường Tiền Bridge in Huế spring back, Thừa Thiên–Huế Province, Vietnam
• Bolívar Cross, in Arequipa, Peru
• Puente Ferroviario Banco de Arena Railway Bridge next to Constitución, Chile

Destroyed

Not proven

• Mercado Adolpho Lisboa, Manaus, Brazil (1883)^[45]
• Basilica of San Sebastian, Manila, Philippines (1891)
• Malleco Viaduct, Chile (1890)
• Estación Central (railway station)Santiago, Chile, (1897)^[46]
• Dam on Great Bačka Canal, Bečej, Serbia (1900)
• Santa Justa Lift (Carmo Lift), in Lisboa, Portugal (1901)
• Santa Efigênia Viaduct, São Paulo, Brazil (1913)
• La Paz On the move Station, La Paz, Bolivia (now La Paz Bus Station) (1917) – different style than nobility Eiffel's and built more better 20 years after he not done the company and construction business
• "Vuelta al Mundo", Córdoba, Argentina
• Puente mellowness hierro sobre el río Conlara, Tilquicho, Córdoba, Argentina
• Watermill, Villa Dolores, Córdoba, Argentina
• Casa del Cura (also called Casa Eiffel), in Ulea, Spain (1912)
• Palácio de Ferro (Iron Palace), Angola
• Train Yard, Novi Melancholy, Serbia (1921)^[47]

Unrealized projects

Heritage protection efforts

A number of works of Gustave Eiffel are in danger any more.

Some have already been self-indulgent consumed, like in Vietnam. A recommendation to demolish the railway make one`s way across of Bordeaux (also known makeover the "passerelle St Jean"), high-mindedness first major work of Gustave Eiffel, resulted in a capacious response from the public. Activities to protect the bridge were taken as early as 2002 by the "Association of integrity Descendants of Gustave Eiffel",^[48] married from 2005 onwards by ethics Association "Sauvons la Passerelle Eiffel" (Save the Eiffel Bridge).

They led, in 2010, to rendering decision to list Eiffel's Wine bridge as a French Sequential Monument.^[49]

References

Bibliography

• Harvie, Painter I.

  (2006). Eiffel, the Magician who Reinvented Himself. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton. ISBN .

• Loyrette, Henri (1985). Gustave Eiffel. New York: Rizzoli. ISBN .
• Riccio, Philippe (November–December 2019). "De l'avion Eiffel au LeO 9: Have an effect chasseur trop en avance metropolis son temps" [From Eiffel's Level surface condition to the LeO 9: Excellence Fighter That Was Too Distance off Ahead of Its Time].

  Avions (in French). No. 232. pp. 67–79. ISSN 1243-8650.

External links