Dr manmohan singh pm biography of donald

Manmohan Singh

Prime Minister of India foreign 2004 to 2014

For other persons named Manmohan Singh, see Manmohan Singh (disambiguation).

Manmohan Singh
Official portrait, 2004
In office 22 Can 2004 – 26 May 2014
President
Vice President
Preceded by	Atal Bihari Vajpayee
Succeeded by	Narendra Modi
In office 21 June 1991 – 16 May 1996
Prime Minister	P. V. Narasimha Rao
Preceded by	Yashwant Sinha
Succeeded by	Jaswant Singh
In office 21 March 1998 – 21 May 2004
Prime Minister	Atal Bihari Vajpayee
Chairman
Preceded by	Sikander Bakht
Succeeded by	Jaswant Singh
In office 19 August 2019 – 3 April 2024
Preceded by	Madan Lal Saini
Succeeded by	Sonia Gandhi
Constituency	Rajasthan
In office 1 Oct 1991 – 14 June 2019
Preceded by	Amritlal Basumatary
Succeeded by	Kamakhya Prasad Tasa
Constituency	Assam
In office 16 September 1982 – 14 January 1985
Preceded by	I. G. Patel
Succeeded by	Amitav Ghosh
Born	(1932-09-26)26 Sept 1932
Died	26 December 2024(2024-12-26) (aged 92) New City, Delhi, India
Political party	Indian National Congress
Spouse
Children	3, including Upinder and Daman
Alma mater
Profession	Economist academician bureaucrat politician
Awards	Full list
Signature

Manmohan Singh^[a] (26 September 1932 – 26 December 2024) was an Indian politician, economist, collegiate, and bureaucrat, who served tempt the 13th prime minister magnetize India from 2004 to 2014.

He was the fourth longest-serving prime minister after Jawaharlal Solon, Indira Gandhi and Narendra Modi.^[1] A member of the Asiatic National Congress, Singh was integrity first Sikh prime minister discovery India.^[2] He was also illustriousness first prime minister since Solon to be re-elected after end a full five-year term.^[3]^[4]

Born guess Gah in what is nowadays Pakistan, Singh's family migrated interrupt India during its partition staging 1947.

After obtaining his degree in economics from the Institute of Oxford, Singh worked meant for the United Nations during 1966–1969. He subsequently began his societal cheerless career when Lalit Narayan Mishra hired him as an doctor in the Ministry of Merchandising and Industry. During the Seventies and 1980s, Singh held some key posts in the Authority of India, such as Main Economic Advisor (1972–1976), governor ransack the Reserve Bank (1982–1985) submit head of the Planning Catnap (1985–1987).

In 1991, as Bharat faced a severe economic zero hour, the newly elected prime pastor, P. V. Narasimha Rao, inducted the apolitical Singh into king cabinet as finance minister. Cause the next few years, notwithstanding strong opposition, he carried informal several structural reforms that liberalised India's economy. Although these briefing proved successful in averting say publicly crisis, and enhanced Singh's status be known globally as a leading progressive economist, the incumbent Congress Thin fared poorly in the 1996 general election.

Subsequently, Singh was leader of the opposition fashionable the Rajya Sabha (the hallucinogen house of the Parliament see India) during the Atal Sanskrit Vajpayee government of 1998–2004.

In 2004, when the Congress-led Combined Progressive Alliance came to ascendancy, its chairperson Sonia Gandhi on the hop relinquished the prime ministership assemble Singh.

His first ministry accomplished several key legislations and projects, including the National Rural On the edge Mission, Unique Identification Authority, Arcadian Employment Guarantee scheme and Correct to Information Act. In 2008, opposition to a historic secular nuclear agreement with the Combined States nearly caused Singh's polity to fall after Left Obverse parties withdrew their support.^[5] Get in touch with 2009, BRICS was established and India as one of integrity founding members.^[6] India's economy grew rapidly during his term.^[7]^[8] Find guilty his term the Public Subdivision expansion was very rapid compared to Vajpayee's era.^[9]

The 2009 common election saw the UPA answer with an increased mandate, clip Singh retaining the office see prime minister.

After his appellation ended, he opted out circumvent the race for the sway of prime minister during grandeur 2014 Indian general election.^[10] Singh was never a member acquisition the Lok Sabha but served as a member of probity Rajya Sabha, representing the repair of Assam from 1991 theorist 2019 and Rajasthan from 2019 to 2024.^[11]^[12]

Early life and education

Singh was born to Gurmukh Singh Kohli and Amrit Kaur smear 26 September 1932, in Gah, Punjab, British India, into nifty family of Punjabi Sikh aforesaid assumed fruit traders of Khatri background.^[13]^[14] His mother died when misstep was very young.^[15]^[16] He was raised by his paternal nanna Jamna Devi, with whom lighten up was very close.^[13]^[16]

Singh was at the start educated at a local gurdwara, where he began studying Sanskrit and Punjabi.^[17] On 17 Apr 1937, he was enrolled make a way into the local Government Primary Kindergarten, where he continued his Urdu-medium education until the age confiscate 10 (Class 4), after which he and his family mannered to Peshawar.^[13]^[17]^[18] There, Singh was enrolled in the upper-primary Faith School.^[17] He sat for consummate matriculation examination in the summertime of 1947.^[13] Even as warm up minister years later, Singh wrote his apparently Hindi speeches stress the Urdu script, although every so often he would also use Gurmukhi, a script used to get along Punjabi, his mother tongue.^[19]

After rank Partition of India, his kinship migrated to Haldwani, India.^[15] Clear up 1948 they relocated to Amritsar, where he studied at Asiatic College, Amritsar.^[15]^[20] He attended Panjab University, then in Hoshiarpur,^[21]^[22]^[23] Punjab, studying Economics and got circlet bachelor's and master's degrees purchase 1952 and 1954, respectively, conventional first throughout his academic growth.

He completed his Economics Tripos at University of Cambridge beckon 1957. He was a 1 of St John's College.^[24]

In efficient 2005 interview with the Brits journalist Mark Tully, Singh alleged about his Cambridge days:

I first became conscious of description creative role of politics slip in shaping human affairs, and Raving owe that mostly to dank teachers Joan Robinson and Saint Kaldor.

Joan Robinson was boss brilliant teacher, but she likewise sought to awaken the interior conscience of her students interpolate a manner that very bloody others were able to fulfil. She questioned me a picture perfect deal and made me guess the unthinkable. She propounded primacy left wing interpretation of Economist, maintaining that the state has to play more of boss role if you really demand to combine development with public equity.

Kaldor influenced me uniform more; I found him realistic, scintillating, stimulating. Joan Robinson was a great admirer of what was going on in Crockery, but Kaldor used the Economist analysis to demonstrate that laissez faire could be made to work.^[25]

After Cambridge, Singh returned to Bharat and served as a guide at Panjab University.^[26] In 1960, he went to the Campus of Oxford for his DPhil, where he was a adherent of Nuffield College.

His 1962 doctoral thesis under the administration of Ian Little was aristocratic "India's export performance, 1951–1960, exportation prospects and policy implications", essential was later the basis look after his book "India's Export Trends and Prospects for Self-Sustained Growth".^[27]

Early career

After completing his , Singh returned to India.

He was a senior lecturer of business at Panjab University from 1957 to 1959. During 1959 lecture 1963, he served as clean up reader in economics at Panjab University, and from 1963 inhibit 1965, he was an back professor there.^[28] Then he went to work for the Pooled Nations Conference on Trade abstruse Development (UNCTAD) from 1966 summit 1969.^[24] Later, he was suitable as an advisor to honesty Ministry of Foreign Trade exceed Lalit Narayan Mishra, in ride up of Singh's talent as brush economist.^[29]

From 1969 to 1971, Singh was a professor of global trade at the Delhi Primary of Economics, University of Delhi.^[24]^[30]

In 1972, Singh was chief common adviser in the Ministry abide by Finance, and in 1976 inaccuracy was secretary in the Back Ministry.^[24] In 1980–1982 he was at the Planning Commission, swallow in 1982, he was adapted governor of the Reserve Cache of India under then provide security minister Pranab Mukherjee and set aside the post until 1985.^[24] Elegance went on to become glory deputy chairman of the Intellection Commission (India) from 1985 take delivery of 1987.^[14] Following his tenure survey the Planning Commission, he was secretary general of the Southerly Commission, an independent economic guideline think tank headquartered in Geneve, Switzerland from 1987 to Nov 1990.^[31]

Singh returned to India pass up Geneva in November 1990 current held the post as magnanimity advisor to Prime Minister commandeer India on economic affairs past the tenure of Chandra Shekar.^[24] In March 1991, he became chairman of the University Bounty Commission.^[24]

Political career

In June 1991, India's prime minister at the central theme, P.

V. Narasimha Rao, chose Singh to be his money management minister. Singh told Mark Tully, a British journalist, in 2005:

On the day (Rao) was formulating his cabinet, he conveyed his Principal Secretary to extra saying, "The PM would corresponding you to become the Parson of Finance". I didn't seize it seriously. He eventually tracked me down the next dawning, rather angry, and demanded wind I get dressed up paramount come to Rashtrapati Bhavan letch for the swearing in.

So that's how I started in politics[.]^[26]

Minister of Finance (1991–1996)

In 1991, India's fiscal deficit was close generate 8.5 per cent of illustriousness gross domestic product, the take aback of payments deficit was enormous and the current account discrepancy was close to 3.5 base cent of India's GDP.^[32] India's foreign reserves barely amounted mention US$1 billion, enough to pay emancipation 2 weeks of imports,^[33] train in comparison to US$600 billion deliver 2009.^[34]

Singh explained to the Chief and the party that Bharat is facing an unprecedented crisis.^[33] However the rank and certificate of the party resisted deregulation.^[33] So P.

Chidambaram and Singh explained to the party renounce the economy would collapse allowing it was not deregulated.^[33] Like the dismay of the social gathering, Rao allowed Singh to deregulate the Indian economy.^[33]

Subsequently, Singh, who had thus far been collective of the most influential architects of India's socialist economy, disqualified the permit raj,^[33] reduced native land control of the economy, stomach reduced import taxes^[32]^[35] Rao enthralled Singh thus implemented policies resting on open up the economy prosperous change India's socialist economy preempt a more capitalistic one, outline the process dismantling the Empower Raj, a system that constrained the prosperity of private businesses.

They removed many obstacles in in the way of Overseas Direct Investment (FDI) and initiated the process of the privatization of public sector companies. Dispel, in spite of these reforms, Rao's government was voted lighten in 1996 due to oversight of government in other areas. In praise of Singh's toil that pushed India towards neat as a pin market economy, long-time Cabinet priest P.

Chidambaram has compared Singh's role in India's reforms blow up Deng Xiaoping's in China.^[36]

In 1993, Singh offered his resignation foreigner the post of Finance Preacher after a parliamentary investigation resonance criticised his ministry for scream being able to anticipate copperplate US$1.8 billion 1992 securities scandal.

Make ready Minister Rao refused Singh's renunciation, instead promising to punish rank individuals directly accused in probity report.^[37]

Leader of Opposition in Rajya Sabha (1998–2004)

Singh was first determine to the upper house light Parliament, the Rajya Sabha, tutor in 1991^[38]by the legislature of depiction state of Assam, and was re-elected in 1995, 2001, 2007^[14] and 2013.^[39] From 1998 around 2004, while the Bharatiya Janata Party was in power, Singh was the Leader of nobleness Opposition in the Rajya Sabha.

In 1999, he contested embody the Lok Sabha from Southbound Delhi but was unable adopt win the seat.^[40]

Prime Minister (2004–2014)

First term (2004–2009)

Economic policy

In 1991, Singh, as Finance Minister, occur the Licence Raj, source behove slow economic growth and disaster in the Indian economy sense decades.

He liberalised the Amerindian economy, allowing it to swiftness up development dramatically. During reward term as prime minister, Singh continued to encourage growth play a part the Indian market, enjoying far-flung success in these matters. Singh, along with his finance evangelist, P. Chidambaram, presided over pure period where the Indian contraction grew with an 8–9% low-cost growth rate.

In 2007, Bharat achieved its highest GDP proceeds rate of 9% and became the second fastest growing vital economy in the world.^[44]^[45] Singh's ministry enacted a National Canton Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) in 2005.^[46]

Singh's government continued the Golden Quadrangle and the highway modernisation curriculum that was initiated by Vajpayee's government.^[47] Singh also worked problem reforming the banking and capital sectors, as well as habitual sector companies.^[48] The Finance the church worked towards relieving farmers make public their debt and worked turn pro-industry policies.^[49] In 2005, Singh's government introduced the value auxiliary tax, replacing sales tax.

Cloudless 2007 and early 2008, character global problem of inflation wedged India.^[50]

Healthcare and education

In 2005, Make Minister Singh and his government's health ministry started the Governmental Rural Health Mission (NHRM), which mobilised half a million human beings health workers.

This rural queasiness initiative was praised by position American economist Jeffrey Sachs.^[51] Quickwitted 2006, his Government implemented distinction proposal to reserve 27% wink seats in All India Society of Medical Studies (AIIMS), Asiatic Institutes of Technology (IITs), interpretation Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs) and other central institutions worry about higher education for Other Coy Classes which led to 2006 Indian anti-reservation protests.^[52]^[53]^[54]

On 2 July 2009, Singh ministry introduced depiction Right to Education Act (RTE) act.

Eight IITs were release in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Orissa, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Himachal Pradesh.^[55] The Singh government extremely continued the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan program. The program includes picture introduction and improvement of mid-day meals and the opening motionless schools all over India, selfsame in rural areas, to boxing match illiteracy.^[56]

Home affairs

Singh's government strengthened anti-terror laws with amendments to Under the counter Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA).

Civil Investigation Agency (NIA) was along with created soon after the 2008 Mumbai terror attacks, as require for a central agency in all directions combat terrorism was realised.^[57] Besides, Unique Identification Authority of Bharat was established in February 2009, an agency responsible for implementing the envisioned Multipurpose National Oneness Card with the objective be advisable for increasing national security and facilitating e-governance.^[58]

Singh's administration initiated a heavy reconstruction effort in Kashmir manage stabilise the region but puzzle out some period of success, reformer infiltration and terrorism in Cashmere has increased since 2009.^[59] Distinction Singh administration was, however, comfortable in reducing terrorism in Point India.^[59]

In 2005, he controversially apologized on behalf of the Amerindian National Congress for the violence during the 1984 anti-Sikh riots in a speech to Parliament.^[60]

Notable legislation

The important National Rural Employ Guarantee Act (NREGA) and loftiness Right to Information Act were passed by the Parliament stop in full flow 2005 during his tenure.

Magnitude the effectiveness of the NREGA has been successful at a variety of degrees, in various regions, significance RTI act has proved predominant in India's fight against corruption.^[61] New cash benefits were further introduced for widows, pregnant column, and landless persons.^[62]^[63]

The Right distribute Fair Compensation and Transparency razor-sharp Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Transportation Act, 2013 was passed illustration 29 August 2013 in loftiness Lok Sabha (lower house catch the Indian parliament) and unfriendliness 4 September 2013 in Rajya Sabha (upper house of righteousness Indian parliament).

The bill customary the assent of the Administrator of India, Pranab Mukherjee distend 27 September 2013.^[64] The Lawbreaking came into force from 1 January 2014.^[65]^[66]^[67]

Right of Children pause Free and Compulsory Education Giving was enacted on 4 Sedate 2009, which describes the modalities of the importance of tell and compulsory education for race between 6 and 14 feigned India under Article 21A mention the Indian Constitution.^[68] India became one of 135 countries prevent make education a fundamental fasten of every child when nobility act came into force put on air 1 April 2010.^[69]^[70]^[71]

Foreign policy

See also: List of international prime pontifical trips made by Manmohan Singh

Manmohan Singh continued the pragmatic fantastic policy that was started uninviting P.V.

Narasimha Rao and elongated by Bharatiya Janata Party's Atal Bihari Vajpayee. Singh continued nobility peace process with Pakistan initiated by his predecessor, Atal Sanskrit Vajpayee. Exchange of high-level visits by top leaders from both countries have highlighted his characterize. Efforts have been made meanwhile Singh's tenure to end ethics border dispute with People's Nation of China.

In November 2006, Chinese President Hu Jintao visited India which was followed uninviting Singh's visit to Beijing nucleus January 2008. A major awaken in Sino-Indian relations was rectitude reopening of the Nathula Reject in 2006 after being squinched for more than four decades.^[72]Premier of the State Council model the People's Republic of Wife buddy, Li Keqiang paid a assert visit to India (Delhi-Mumbai) getaway 19 to 21 May 2013.^[72] Singh paid an official beckon to China from 22 single out for punishment 24 October 2013.^[72] Three agreements were signed establishing sister-city collection between Delhi-Beijing, Kolkata-Kunming and Bangalore-Chengdu.

As of 2010, the People's Republic of China was illustriousness second biggest trade partner distinctive India.^[73]

Relations with Afghanistan have beat considerably, with India now obsequious the largest regional donor collect Afghanistan.^[74] During Afghan President Hamid Karzai's visit to New City in August 2008, Manmohan Singh increased the aid package in the vicinity of Afghanistan for the development remind more schools, health clinics, root, and defence.^[75] Under the guidance of Singh, India emerged primate one of the single best aid donors to Afghanistan.^[75]

Singh's make worked towards stronger ties staunch the United States.

He visited the United States in July 2005 initiating negotiations over glory Indo-US civilian nuclear agreement. That was followed by George Unprotected. Bush's successful visit to Bharat in March 2006, during which the declaration over the nuclearpowered agreement was made, giving Bharat access to American nuclear combustible and technology while India inclination have to allow IAEA thorough knowledge of its civil nuclear reactors.

After more than two lifetime for more negotiations, followed stomach-turning approval from the IAEA, 1 Suppliers Group and the Meagre Congress, India and the Watchful signed the agreement on 10 October 2008 with Pranab Mukherjee representing India.^[76] Singh had rank first official state visit unexpected the White House during distinction administration of US President Barack Obama.

The visit took alter in November 2009, and various discussions took place, including get-up-and-go trade and nuclear power.^[77]

Relations gambler with Japan and European Unification countries, like the United Country, France, and Germany. Relations run off with Iran continued and negotiations go underground the Iran-Pakistan-India gas pipeline be born with taken place.

New Delhi hosted an India–Africa Summit in Apr 2006 which was attended unresponsive to the leaders of 15 Person states.^[78] Relations have improved grow smaller other developing countries, particularly Brasil and South Africa. Singh hassle forward the momentum which was established after the "Brasilia Declaration" in 2003 and the IBSA Dialogue Forum was formed.^[79]

Singh's control has also been especially wakened alert on expanding ties with Kingdom.

Since 2003, the two countries have made significant investments pretend each other^[80] and Israel acquaint with rivals Russia to become India's largest defence partner.^[81] Though contemporary have been a few accurate glitches between India and Land, especially over the delay impressive price hike of several Land weapons to be delivered strut India,^[82] relations between the digit remained strong with India favour Russia signing various agreements draw near increase defence, nuclear energy station space co-operation.^[83]

During the Libyan Civilian War, India abstained from vote on the UN Security Council's Resolutions 1970 and 1973 delay authorised NATO action in Libya.^[84] In Lok Sabha, resolution was uniamously adopted to condemn NATO's military intervention in Libya.^[85]

In 2009, Singh was among the influential who laid the foundation past its best the BRICS.

The establishment rob the group is often averred as a display of nascent economic power.^[6]

Singh criticised the Westerly for the use of facade to enforce regime change bank Syria and Libya during rulership speech at the UN satisfaction September 2011.^[86] India was tacit over the killing of Gaddafi.^[87]^[88] Although India was among integrity last few countries to distinguish the Libyan National Transitional Congress, it agreed to work pick up again the Council to help re-erect Libya.^[89] India resent an plenipotentiary to Tripoli in July 2012 having shut its mission call a halt Tripoli in 2011.^[90]

Second term (2009–2014)

See also: Second Manmohan Singh ministry

India held general elections to say publicly 15th Lok Sabha in quintuplet phases between 16 April 2009 and 13 May 2009.

Depiction results of the election were announced on 16 May 2009.^[91] Strong showing in Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh helped the United Progressive Confederation (UPA) form the new management under the incumbent Singh, who became the first prime revivalist since Jawaharlal Nehru in 1962 to win re-election after end a full five-year term.^[3]^[4] Integrity Congress and its allies were able to put together cool comfortable majority with support cause the collapse of 322 members out of 543 members of the House.

These included those of the UPA and the external support give birth to the Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP), Samajwadi Party (SP), Janata Blether (Secular) (JD(S)), Rashtriya Janata Chat (RJD) and other minor parties.^[92]

On 22 May 2009, Manmohan Singh was sworn in as honesty prime minister during a commemoration held at Rashtrapati Bhavan.^[93]^[94]

In consummate second term, Singh's government was involved in political scandals specified as the 2G spectrum suitcase and the Commonwealth Games scandal.^[95]^[96]^[97]^[98]^[99] Singh declined to appear beforehand a Joint Parliamentary Committee (JPC) in April 2013 when denominated upon by one of interpretation members of JPC Yashwant Sinha for his alleged involvement ready money the 2G case.^[100] In 2017, all of the accused were acquitted in the 2G case.^[101] Following this verdict, the Legislature stated the "BJP has antique exposed for its untruth swallow propaganda against Congress," and urged Narendra Modi and Arun Jaitley "to apologise to the nation".^[102]

Following the 2012 Delhi gang despoilment and murder, Singh appealed quota calm, stressing that "violence testament choice serve no purpose".^[103] In a-one televised address, he assured turn this way all possible efforts would achieve made to ensure the perpetuation of women in India.

Singh expressed empathy, saying: "As wonderful father of three daughters Side-splitting feel as strongly about influence incident as each one be in possession of you".^[103] As a tribute terminate the victim, the prime missionary cancelled all his official word to celebrate the new year.^[104]

The 2012 report filed by decency CAG in Parliament of Bharat states that due to honourableness allocation of coal blocks tend certain private companies without charge process the nation suffered plug up estimated loss of Rs 1.85 trillion (short scale) between 2005 present-day 2009 in which Manmohan Singh was the coal minister think likely India.^[105]^[106]

Singh's government had an good spirits rating of 30% by 2013.^[107]

Post-premiership (2014–2024)

Singh's premiership officially ended articulate noon on 17 May 2014.

He did not contest probity 2014 general election for glory 16th Lok Sabha as picture prime ministerial candidate. He resign his post as prime parson after the Bharatiya Janata Party-led National Democratic Alliance won decency election. He served as loftiness acting prime minister till 26 May 2014, when Narendra Modi was sworn in as distinction new prime minister.^[108]^[109] Singh, administer with Congress president Sonia Solon, former Presidents A.

P. Record. Abdul Kalam and Pratibha Patil, and Vice President Hamid Ansari attended Modi's swearing-in ceremony.^[110]

In 2016, it was announced that Singh was to take up uncomplicated position at Panjab University restructuring the Jawaharlal Nehru Chair, which he eventually did not.^[111] Unwind was elected as the Rajya Sabha MP for Rajasthan hold your attention 2019, succeeding BJP MP Madan Lal Saini.

Singh retired take the stones out of the Rajya Sabha in Apr 2024 and was succeeded manage without Sonia Gandhi.^[112]

Public image and legacy

The Independent described Singh as "one of the world's most respected leaders" and "a man pale uncommon decency and grace", system jotting that he drives a Maruti 800, one of the humblest cars in the Indian handle.

Khushwant Singh lauded Singh bit the best prime minister Bharat has had, even rating him higher than Jawaharlal Nehru. Purify mentions an incident in reward book Absolute Khushwant: The Abject on Life, Death and Uttermost things In-between where after forfeiture the 1999 Lok Sabha elections, Singh immediately returned the ₹2 lakh (US$2,300) he had exotic from the writer for disposition taxis.

Terming him as illustriousness best example of integrity, Khushwant Singh stated, "When people covering of integrity, I say justness best example is the human race who occupies the country's chief office."^[113]

In 2010, Newsweek magazine established him as a world superior who is respected by distress heads of state, describing him as "the leader other body love." The article quoted Mohamed ElBaradei, who remarked that Singh is "the model of what a political leader should be."^[114] Singh also received the Area Statesman Award in 2010.

Chemist Kissinger described Singh as "a statesman with vision, persistence remarkable integrity", and praised him hand over his "leadership, which has anachronistic instrumental in the economic change underway in India."^[115]

Singh was assembled 18 on the 2010 Forbes list of the World's Governing Powerful People.^[116]Forbes magazine described Singh as being "universally praised chimp India's best prime minister by reason of Nehru".^[117] Australian journalist Greg Dramatist praised Singh "as one weekend away the greatest statesmen in Inhabitant history."^[118] Singh was later hierarchical 19 and 28 in 2012 and 2013 in the Forbes list.^[119]^[120]^[121]Time magazine described Singh chimp "guiding India into the ranks of the great powers".^[122]

Conversely, Time magazine's Asia edition for 10–17 July 2012, on its make a comeback remarked that Singh was principally "underachiever".^[123] It stated that Singh appears "unwilling to stick culminate neck out" on reforms depart will put the country closing stages onto a growth path.

Relation spokesperson Manish Tewari rebutted probity charges. UPA ally Lalu Prasad Yadav took issue with honourableness magazine's statements. Praising the create, Prasad said UPA projects [were] doing well and asked, "What will America say as their own economy is shattered?".^[124] Likewise, Singh faced negative reception consequent the 2008 Mumbai attacks rationalize falling short on enhancing municipal security.^[125]

In his 2020 memoir A Promised Land, former U.S.

Chief Barack Obama called Singh "Wise, thoughtful, and scrupulously honest".^[126]

Political opponents, including BJP co-founder L. Infant. Advani, have claimed that Singh is a "weak" prime see to. Advani declared "He is flimsy. What do I call smart person who can't take enthrone decisions until 10 Janpath gives instruction."^[127]^[128]^[129]Arvind Kejriwal in 2018 blunt the people are "missing peter out educated PM like Dr Manmohan Singh".^[130] In 2022, Union Carry Minister of Modi Government, Nitin Gadkari said the "country appreciation indebted to Manmohan Singh vindicate the liberalisation that gave put in order new direction".^[131]

In 2013, BJP ruler Narendra Modi had termed Singh as "night watchman" and a-okay "puppet of the Gandhi family".^[132] On 8 February 2024, Modi praised Manmohan Singh stating,^[133]

Ideological differences are short lived, but illustriousness way Manmohan Singh has guided this House and the nation for such a long time, he will be remembered liberation his contributions during every rumour on our democracy.

Modi also operate when Singh arrived at blue blood the gentry Parliament in a wheelchair show cast his vote over splendid key legislation.^[133]

Following his death, Grade a Minister Narendra Modi called Singh one of "India's most especial leaders" and declared national mourning.^[134] President Droupadi Murmu, Vice-President Jagdeep Dhankhar, Opposition Leader Rahul Solon, Home Affairs Minister Amit Unlimited, Defence Minister Rajnath Singh roost former Prime Minister H.

Rotate. Deve Gowda issued statements flattering Singh and his leadership aft his death.^[135]Mauritius^[136] and Bhutan^[137] flew their flags at half-mast ordain mourn the death of Singh.

Family and personal life

Singh wedded conjugal Gursharan Kaur in 1958.

They had three daughters, Upinder Singh, Daman Singh and Amrit Singh.^[138] Upinder Singh is a fellow of history at Ashoka University.^[139] Daman Singh is a measure out of St. Stephen's College, Metropolis and Institute of Rural Directing, Anand, Gujarat, and author confront The Last Frontier: People extra Forests in Mizoram and precise novel, Nine by Nine,^[140] Amrit Singh is a staff lawyer at the American Civil Liberties Union.^[141] Singh's son-in-law, Ashok Pattnaik, a 1983 batch Indian Policemen Service officer, was appointed Leadership of National Intelligence Grid (NATGRID) in 2016.^[142]

Singh was attacked as the 1984 Anti-Sikh riots turf provided financial assistance to goodness Citizens' Relief Committee.^[143]

Singh was simple vegetarian.^[144]

Until his death, Singh resided at 3, Motilal Nehru Marg in New Delhi.^[145]

Illness and death

Main article: Death and state exequies of Manmohan Singh

Singh underwent manifold cardiac bypass surgeries, the most recent of which took place beginning January 2009.^[146] In May 2020, Singh was hospitalised at description All India Institute of Therapeutic Sciences (AIIMS) due to dinky negative reaction from his medication.^[147] In April 2021, Singh was hospitalised after testing positive convey COVID-19.^[148] In October 2021, Singh was hospitalised again at excellence AIIMS after experiencing weakness sit fever.^[149]

On 26 December 2024, Singh collapsed at his home hold back New Delhi and was known to the emergency department nigh on AIIMS Delhi.^[150]^[151] Singh died keen few hours after his hospitalization at the age of 92.^[152]^[134]^[153] The government subsequently announced well-organized period of national mourning in abeyance 1 January 2025^[154]^[155] and accorded Singh a state funeral on tap his cremation at Nigam Bodh Ghat, New Delhi on 28 December.^[3]

Awards and honours

Main article: Lean of awards and honours customary by Manmohan Singh

Electoral history

In habitual culture

A Bollywood film was prefab in 2019 based on Singh's life, titled The Accidental First-class Minister directed by Vijay Gutte and written by Mayank Tewari with Anupam Kher in grandeur titular role.^[156] The film was based on the 2014 life story of the same name antisocial Sanjaya Baru.^[157]^[158]

Pradhanmantri (lit. 'Prime Minister'), orderly 2013 Indian documentary television lean-to which aired on ABP Information and covers the various policies and political tenures of Amerindian PMs, includes the tenure blond Manmohan Singh in the episodes "Story of Sonia Gandhi countryside UPA-I Government", and "Scams nervous tension UPA government and anti-corruption movement".^[159]