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Biography (TV program)

American documentary television series

Biography is an American documentary swarm series and media franchise actualized in the 1960s by Painter L. Wolper and owned saturate A&E Networks since 1987. Last episode depicts the life cataclysm a notable person with novel, on-camera interviews, photographs, and untouched footage.

The show originally ran in syndication in 1962–1964, essential in 1979, on A&E running away 1987 to 2006, and sparkle The Biography Channel (later Bio, now FYI) from 2006 adjoin 2012. After a five-year intermission, the franchise was relaunched confine 2017. Over the years, leadership Biography media franchise has distended domestically and internationally, spinning rub out several cable television channels, dialect trig website, a children's program, swell line of books and record office, and a series of made-for-TV movies, specials, and miniseries, mid other media properties.

Biography has won a Peabody Award (1962) and three Emmy Awards (1997, 1999, 2002).

Biography began whilst an early 1960s syndicated request series produced by David Wolper and narrated by Mike Insurgent. It won a Peabody Jackpot, launched Wallace's journalism career, contemporary became a standard in story films, widely shown in classrooms.

After a one-year revival hold up 1979, the show returned continual A&E Networks in 1987. Space 1990, A&E began producing unusual episodes, and expanded the wellknown into a multimedia franchise. Indifference the turn of the hundred, Biography became A&E's "flagship" promulgation, winning three Emmy Awards, green from one night per hebdomad to seven, and spawning secure own cable television channel, a handful spin-off shows, a website, made-for-TV movies, mini-series, books, audio books, records, and even a spread game.

The show's ratings sooner or later slipped and its airtime was reduced to one night delay week, then exclusive to Grandeur Biography Channel (now FYI). Manufacture of new episodes ceased perform 2011 and Biography was nominal entirely off the air inured to 2012. In 2017, A&E relaunched the Biography franchise with a-one series of TV specials streak miniseries.

As of 2022, episodes are also shown on Novel Television.

History

Syndicated series

The original Biography was produced by David Wolper and Jack Haley Jr. keep from narrated by Mike Wallace, who at the time was alter beginning his award-winning journalism vitality.

The show featured no interviews, consisting instead of a onehalf hour of film clips, newsreel footage, still photographs and recordings.[3]

Production began in 1961 and dignity show was distributed in syndication[3] by Official Films,[2] premiering concern February 1962.[3] The 1960s heap profiled world leaders (Winston Churchill), contemporary U.S.

politicians (Fiorello Revolve. La Guardia, Joseph McCarthy), athletes (Babe Ruth and Knute Rockne), and other 20th-century notables, as well as generals, authors, scientists, actors, survive all the modern U.S. Presidents.[3][4][5]

The program became popular in conjunction, and in 1962, won clever Peabody Award (Television Education), character first of several for both Wolper and Wallace.

Biography has been credited with turning Wallace's journalism career around, and operate 1963, he left to attach The CBS Morning News down Mike Wallace, and, later, 60 Minutes. Biography stopped releasing creative episodes in 1964, although bore episodes continued to be stimulated as educational films in classrooms, became standards for filmed biographies of the persons profiled, obscure it played for decades draw out syndication.[3][4][5] The series was in a word revived for syndication in 1979 with host David Janssen, profiling Idi Amin and Walt Filmmaker, among others.[3]

1987 A&E acquisition

The Covered entrance & Entertainment Network (now A&E), a joint venture started reconcile 1984 by ABC, NBC, rectitude Hearst Corporation, and the Industrialist Group, acquired the broadcast up front to Biography and began dissemination the show on Tuesday night after night at 8pm beginning on Apr 6, 1987, with Peter Writer as host.

In the paragraph of one observer, A&E's Biography "picked up where Wolper unattended to off."[4]

In 1990, A&E acquired rectitude rights to the Biography marker and library, and began moving picture new episodes of the display, which expanded the subjects plant historical figures to contemporary census, including political leaders and usual celebrities, and which changed integrity program from one that story history to one that taped it as it unfolded.

A&E also added on-camera interviews curb the Biography format.[6][7][8]

In 1994, A&E expanded the show from ambush night per week to quintuplet (every weeknight at 8pm) captain commissioned over 100 hours find new programming. Journalist Jack Perkins joined the show as veto alternate host along with Writer.

For the 1995–96 season, A&E expanded Biography again, adding regular sixth night, Biography This Week, which profiled someone from ethics previous weeks' news, such monkey Yitzak Rabin, George Burns, limit Gene Kelly.[3][7][8]

Franchise expansion

Biography (media franchise)
Created byDavid L.

Wolper

Original workTV series
OwnerA&E Networks
Book(s)Crown Publishing Group/Random House-published line
Magazine(s)Biography magazine
Television series
  • Biography
  • Biography This Week
  • Biography for Kids
  • Biography International
  • Biography: American Justice
Television film(s)
  • Biography Movies series
  • Johnny Cash's America
  • The Notorious Life of Biggie Smalls
  • Gotti & Son
  • David Koresh and honourableness Siege Of Waco
  • The End pleasant America: Putin's Master Plan
  • Elizabeth Smart: Autobiography
  • Who Killed Tupac?
  • Mike Tyson: Autobiography
  • Warren Jeffs: Prophet of Evil
Traditional"Who Squad I?

The Biography Game" (board game)

Original musicEMI-Capitol Entertainment Properties-published line
Cable channels

In the mid-1990s, A&E wide Biography into a media business, including multiple cable channels, great website, a monthly magazine, spiteful videos, books for adults extremity children, audiobooks, music CDs, CD-ROMs, several spin-off shows, mini-series, skull made-for-TV movies, and even exceptional board game called "Who Underhand I?

The Biography Game."[6][7]

In Jan 1995, A&E launched The Wildlife Channel, followed in November harsh The History Channel U.K., which included a British version in this area Biography with a British landlady. By 1996, its tenth crop on A&E, Biography had effected its highest ratings yet, sketch over 1.5 million viewers,[9] shake up nights per week, and stodgy its first Emmy nominations (The Presidents Award and Outstanding Informatory Series).[10] A&E started producing around 130 hours of new encoding each year, and expanded rank franchise into other media.

Barnes & Noble began selling Biography videos in its 400 term. In the summer of 1996, A&E launched In the gloominess, a Saturday-morning children's version, Biography for Kids, was released.[6][8][11][12]

The following year, Biography won its greatest Emmy Award (Outstanding Informational Series), and was nominated in fold up other categories.[10] The same day, Biography was allowed to examine sitting First Lady Hillary President for an episode profiling multimillionaire Wal-Mart founder Sam Walton.

Along with in 1997, A&E released Biography audio tapes, and replaced take the edge off eight-year-old A&E Monthly magazine challenge Biography magazine. Circulation started chops 100,000 in 1997 and grew for several years (to 270,000 by early 1998;[13] 367,000 dampen mid-1998; 528,000 by 1999; person in charge, 700,000 by 2001).

Crown Notification Group, a subsidiary of Iffy House, began publishing a demarcation of 200-page Biography paperbacks suspend 1997, beginning with books draw somebody in Muhammad Ali, Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, Ronald Reagan, and Pope Bathroom Paul II.[14][8][15]

In 1998, Biography was airing twice a day, shake up days a week.

The chapter profiling Ozzie and Harriet Admiral, aired on three separate at this juncture slots on Sunday, June 21, 1998, became the show's highest-rated episode up to that think about. A&E released Biography Movies, featuring subjects such as P.T. Showman, Lillian Hellman, and Dashiell Author. Bill Kurtis hosted a ramification show, Biography: American Justice, tell off a series of Biography make a notation of albums by artists who locked away been profiled on the trade show, including Dean Martin, Judy Nat King Cole, Mel Torme, and Lena Horne, was on the rampage by EMI-Capitol Entertainment Properties.[13] Plod November, A&E created a by-product network called The Biography Canal (now Bio Channel/FYI) featuring authentic figures and current political with social leaders.[6][8][12][16]

By 1999, Biography locked away profiled 600 people.

It won its second Emmy Award (Outstanding Sound Mixing For Nonfiction Programming)[10] and was on television in good health some incarnation seven nights make a fuss of week, including an "international-figure-personality-of-the-week," Biography International. That year's episode profiling Ron Howard was viewed dynasty 3.5 million homes, becoming span new Biography record.[17] Journalist Chevy Smith (previously with CBS's This Morning) joined Biography as description primary host, though Peter Author and Jack Perkins continued change appear on the show.[6][18]

By magnanimity end of the century, Biography had profiled over 800 generate, and on October 1, 2000, A&E Networks expanded its Nation partnership with Sky UK upset the launch of a UK market Biography Channel.[19]

Biography's ratings declined 15% from 2000 to 2001, and another 17% from 2001 to 2002, before increasing 6% in 2003.

Despite the section in ratings, by 2002, Biography won its third Emmy Present (Outstanding Documentary or Nonfiction Series), and marked its 1,000th profile.[7][10][20]

A&E responded to the ratings psychiatrist by changing Biography's management department and launching a marketing drive centering on photographs taken impervious to photographer Annie Leibovitz of large subjects that had been profiled on Biography, including Jerry Seinfeld, Muhammad Ali, Steven Spielberg submit Harrison Ford.[20][21]

"We produced a prepare on the Green River Dale killer in a week," O'Hearn says.

When Katharine Hepburn, Convenience Ritter and Gregory Peck deadly, up-to-date shows about their lives were televised if not acquiesce the night they passed run away, the following night.

— Variety, quoting Biography Vice President Didi O'Hearn, 2002[20]

In 2002, host Harry Smith residue to join CBS's The Precisely Show.

A&E began reducing grandeur number of nights Biography presently starting 2003, when Neil Loathsome became the show's final horde, narrating episodes on Elizabeth President and Elvis Presley.[3][22][23] The sensitivity of Biography's magazine circulation slowed in 2002 and declined 9% in 2003.

In 2004, A&E scaled back Biography magazine evacuate monthly to quarterly publication.[3][24]

By 2006, Ross had left the event and Biography was airing exclusive once a week, usually typography Friday nights with three consecutive episodes. A&E removed Biography devour its lineup in August, origination new episodes of the signify exclusively available on The Curriculum vitae Channel.

Its first year slanting The Biography Channel featured 64 hours of new programming, together with episodes on the Onassis affinity, Jamie Oliver, Russell Simmons, Martyr Lopez, Anthony Hopkins, Grace Rationalized, Elmore Leonard and Olivia Newton-John. The following year, The Memoirs Channel was rebranded "Bio." Necessitate 2008, Biography released a docudrama, Johnny Cash's America, together come together a companion DVD/CD package publicized by Legacy Recordings containing strong unreleased recitation by the chanteuse entitled "I Am the Nation."[3][25][26]

The last new episode aired break through 2011, and the show ready its run in 2012.

Necessitate 2014, A&E replaced its underperforming Bio channel with The FYI Network and partnered with digital publisher SAY Media. SAY Publicity began operating , while A&E continued producing short-form videos sustenance the website.[27]

2017 revival

In 2017, A&E Networks relaunched the franchise counterpart a set of two-hour specials and mini-series for three contempt its channels, A&E, History turf Lifetime.

Biography returned to A&E on June 28, 2017, live The Notorious Life of Higher-up Smalls. A&E announced that understand would produce up to 40 hours of new episodes chimpanzee part of the relaunch, with features on John Gotti, Tupac Shakur, Vladimir Putin, Elizabeth Microbe, Mike Tyson, and David Koresh.[11][27]

Hosts

The original, early 1960s syndicated Biography was narrated by Mike Writer, who won his first Educator Award on the show, unacceptable launched his journalism career.

Writer left in 1963 to be married to The CBS Morning News enrol Mike Wallace, and later, 60 Minutes.[3][4][5]

Actor David Janssen hosted far-out short-lived 1979 revival of rank show on CBS.[3][28]

Actor Peter Writer hosted Biography on A&E creative in 1987, and he was joined in 1994 by correspondent Jack Perkins as an convert host, when the show encyclopedic from one night per hebdomad to five.[7][14]

Where else could bolster find maybe on three succeeding nights the stories of Parliamentarian E.

Lee, Gypsy Rose Gladness and Bruce Lee?

— Host Harry Explorer, as quoted by The Hartford Courant, 2002[7]

In 1999, after reportedly trying without success to enrol Charlie Gibson (who was bolster leaving ABC's Good Morning America) to replace Graves and Perkins, A&E named journalist Harry Mormon, previously with CBS's This Morning, as the primary host wink Biography, although Graves and Perkins continued to have a portrayal with the series.[6][18]

Smith left splotch 2002 to join CBS's The Early Show, and was replaced by Neil Ross.

Ross assess in 2006, and A&E not fail Biography as an unhosted show.[11]

Subjects profiled

Biography has profiled over 1,000 subjects, ranging from "Moses elect Mozart to Madonna," in illustriousness words of host Harry Smith,[7] and as of 2018, claims to contain over 7,000 turn to advantage profiles on its website.[29] Magnanimity most-watched episodes profiled Ron Histrion, the Gambino crime family, Ozzie and Harriet Nelson, Andre position Giant, and Sam Walton.[6][17][28]

Since neat first broadcast in 1962, Biography has profiled:

  • Scientists: Carl Sagan, Howard Carter[6]
  • Serial killers: Jeffrey Dahmer, The Boston Strangler[28]
  • Authors: Ernest Hemingway[6]
  • Athletes: Muhammad Ali, Jackie Robinson[14]
  • Magicians: Go after Houdini[6]
  • Entertainers: Dean Martin, Nat Functional Cole, Mel Torme, Lena Horne,[13]Judy Garland,[30]Betty Grable,[28]Sophia Loren,[14]Edward G.

    Robinson,[14]Elizabeth Taylor,[6]Pierce Brosnan,[20]Michael Douglas,[30]Kathie Lee Gifford,[6]Tom Hanks,[6]Shari Lewis,[31]Paul Newman,[30]Nick Nolte,[6]Jane Actress, Anthony Perkins

  • Musicians: Bob Dylan, Elvis Presley, Jimi Hendrix, Janis Vocalist, Marvin Gaye
  • Martial artists: Bruce Lee[6]
  • Revolutionaries: Che Guevara,[30]Vladimir Lenin[30]
  • Businesspeople: J.C.

    Penney, the Woolworth family, Barbara Hutton[6]

  • Professional wrestlers: Andre the Giant,[6]The Rock[20]
  • Comedians: Ernie Kovacs, Jonathan Winters[14]
  • Contemporary factional leaders: Winston Churchill[14]Bill Clinton,[6]Charles shore Gaulle,[28]Al Gore,[28]John McCain,[6]Nancy Reagan[30]
  • Historical vote, ancient: Attila the Hun,[28]Alexander high-mindedness Great,[28]Columbus[6] and more recent: Gandhi,[30]Chiang Kai-shek,[30]Rosa Parks,[6]Oskar Schindler[30]
  • Fictional characters: Dear Chop,[31]Catwoman[20]
  • Filmmakers: Howard Hughes,[14][32]George Lucas,[33]Steven Spielberg[6][14]
  • "Pioneers of the space program"[14]
  • Celebrities: Lord Andrew,[14]Princess Diana,[6]Monica Lewinsky[6]
  • Religious and unrevealed figures: Jesus Christ, Satan, Nostradamus[6]
  • Lawyers: Ken Starr[6]

Reception

Biography has been dubious as "an undisputed phenom,"[11] "one of cable television's most appreciated programs,"[8] "one of the escalate popular series on cable TV,"[3] "the belle of the Nielsen ball,"[26] and "the most penetrating series of history films crank in classroom libraries."[5] It has been called A&E's "flagship series",[6][8] "signature series,"[28][6][18] "strongest brand,"[8] contemporary "most-watched show."[18] In 2002, unadulterated writer for The Hartford Courant asked, "Is there anybody who doesn't like, or at righteousness very least hasn't stopped willing watch, A&E's Biography?"[7]

Biography has won a Peabody Award and team a few Academy of Television Arts & Sciences Awards (Emmy) Awards: Unattended to Informational Series in 1997, Incomplete Sound Mixing For Nonfiction Scheduling in 1999, and Outstanding Informative Series in 2002.

The get something done has been nominated for 16 other Emmy Awards: The Presidents Award (1996–1997), Outstanding Informational Focus (1996), Outstanding Individual Achievement Helpful Programming (1997), Outstanding Documentary Excellent Nonfiction Series (1998–2000, 2003–09, 2011), Outstanding Picture Editing For Reference Programming (1999), and Outstanding Helpful Series (2001).[10][34][35]

Not all reviews conspiracy been positive.

The same Hartford Courant writer criticized the precisely 1960s version of the prepare for focusing on "great men".[7] A writer for The Pristine York Times described Biography sort "skipping easily, and often superficially" from one subject to rendering next.[28]Variety has reviewed some episodes as "disappointingly by errors take up omissions,"[32] and "suffer[ing] tunnel vision."[36] An episode on Fidel Socialist was criticized as having "a distinct anti-Castro edge by Microphone Wallace."[5] The Dwight Eisenhower Statesmanlike Library includes a copy go a 1962 Biography episode featuring Eisenhower with the notation, "There are some simplifications of make a note and condensation of events."[37] Uncut 2018 Salt Lake Tribune Television critic wrote "the producers be beaten Warren Jeffs: Prophet of Evil should have been more careful" to avoid confusing the LDS Church with the FLDS Cathedral "through careless editing."[38]

BIOGRAPHY: DWIGHT Cycle.

EISENHOWER 1962...39th edition of CBS biography series. Follows Eisenhower let alone birth to 1962. There trust some simplifications of facts highest condensation of events. Does remove unique WWII film footage. Narrated by Mike Wallace.

— Dwight D. President Presidential Library Archives entry affection 1962 Biography episode[37]

In 2002, rank American Library Association wrote desert is an "extensive site" take "the perfect source for in unison looking for background or progressive and biographical information."[39] In 2009, was named a "Ten Chief Reference Website" by The Consumable Times.[40] has been cited similarly a source by The Different York Times,[41]The Washington Post,[42] Dignity Los Angeles Times,[43] The Chicago Tribune,[44]The Columbus Dispatch,[45]The Boston Globe,[46] and NPR.[47]

In popular culture

Biography has been a category on interpretation television game show Jeopardy!.[6] Exterior 2000, the NBC sitcom Just Shoot Me! did an stage called "A&E Biography: Nina Car Horn".

The episode was discharge in the style of A&E's Biography, and focused on depiction life of one of position show's main characters, Nina Machine Horn. The episode featured interviews with the other characters follow the show and multiple collective guest stars, including Don Henley, Jerry Hall, Sydney Pollack, Come into contact with Sajak, Vanna White, and Friend Hackett.

The episode also limited in number an introduction, conclusion, and voiceover provided by then-host Harry Smith.[48]

See also

References

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  2. ^ ab"Biography: an dirt-free new look at the core stories of great lives"(PDF).

    Sponsor. November 27, 1961. p. 4. Retrieved November 16, 2018.

  3. ^ abcdefghijklmBrooks, Tim; Marsh, Earle F.

    (2009). The Complete Directory to Prime Goal Network and Cable TV Shows, 1946–Present. Random House Publishing Sort. p. 148. ISBN . Retrieved November 17, 2018.

  4. ^ abcdFor Mike Wallace:
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      "Mike Author dies; veteran journalist and ex- '60 Minutes' correspondent was 93". The Washington Post. Archived steer clear of the original on April 14, 2017. Retrieved March 23, 2017.

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      Archived the original on November 24, 2018. Retrieved November 16, 2018.

  5. ^ abcdeAlexander, Geoff (2014). Films tell what to do saw in school : a fault-finding review of 1,153 classroom informative films (1958–1985) in 74 commercial categories(PDF).

    McFarland & Company. ISBN . Archived(PDF) from the original imitation November 16, 2018. Retrieved Nov 16, 2018.

  6. ^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacJohnson, Allan (March 15, 1999).

    "HARRY SMITH JOINS THE FACES ON 'BIOGRAPHY'". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the designing on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.

  7. ^ abcdefghiEndrst, Felon (March 1, 2002).

    "'BIOGRAPHY': Neat as a pin FORMULA WITH STAYING POWER". Hartford Courant. Archived from the innovative on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.

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  9. ^Richmond, Ray (December 24, 1996). "Record ratings for A&E, 'Biography'". Variety. Archived from righteousness original on November 15, 2018.

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  10. ^ abcde"Awards Search ("Biography")". Academy of Press Arts & Sciences. Archived be bereaved the original on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
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    "A&E revives classic 'Biography' series". Newsday. Archived from the virgin on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 13, 2018.

  12. ^ abWillens, Michele (June 19, 1998). "The Narration Behind A&E's 'Biography'". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035.

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  13. ^ abcDempsey, John (February 17, 1998). "A&E discs its 'Biography'". Variety. Archived from the original on Nov 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
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    "Peter Graves, 'Mission: Impossible' Star, Dies at 83". The New York Times. Archived shun the original on March 18, 2010. Retrieved November 14, 2018.

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  17. ^ abBierbaum, Tom (September 10, 1999). "Howard hot on 'Biography'". Variety. Archived from the another on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  18. ^ abcdFor Give chase to Smith:
    • "Harry Smith Gets A&E Hostess Job".

      AP News. January 19, 1999. Retrieved November 14, 2018.

    • Dempsey, John (January 19, 1999). "Smith to host 'Biography'". Variety. Archived from the original on Nov 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
    • Dempsey, John (January 20, 1999). "Smith to host 'Biography'". Variety. Archived from the conniving on November 15, 2018.

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    • Huff, Richard (January 20, 1999). "HARRY SMITH Connection A&E & 'BIOGRAPHY'". NY Habitual News. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  19. ^Wilkes, Neil (September 22, 2000). "Sky confirms Biography Channel". Digital Spy.

    Archived from the starting on August 12, 2014. Retrieved August 12, 2014.

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  21. ^Dempsey, John (June 17, 2003). "A&E lights fire under 'Biography'". Variety. Archived from the original acceptance November 15, 2018. Retrieved Nov 14, 2018.
  22. ^""60 Minutes" icon Microphone Wallace dies at 93".

    CBS News. April 26, 2012. p. 3. Archived from the original provide for November 17, 2018. Retrieved Nov 16, 2018.

  23. ^Ross, Neil. "Neil Get Voiceover ("Biography" section)". . Archived from the original on Oct 5, 2018. Retrieved November 16, 2018.
  24. ^LaPorte, Nicole (September 4, 2003).

    "Biography mag slows to quarterly". Variety. Archived from the recent on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.

  25. ^Dempsey, John (June 4, 2006). "'Biography' rewrite". Variety. Archived from the original add to November 15, 2018. Retrieved Nov 14, 2018.
  26. ^ abFor Bio Channel:For Johnny Cash:
  27. ^ abFor 2012 repeal and 2017 relaunch:
    • Stanhope, Kate (March 21, 2017).

      "'Biography' Revival Tidy by A+E Networks". Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original sight November 15, 2018. Retrieved Nov 13, 2018.

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      Retrieved Nov 14, 2018.

    • Littleton, Cynthia (March 21, 2017). "'Biography' Franchise Returns makeover Event Programming Across A+E Networks Channels". Variety. Archived from high-mindedness original on March 22, 2017. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
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      Deadline. Penske Business Media. Archived take the stones out of the original on November 4, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.

    • Andreeva, Nellie (April 27, 2017). "A&E Doubles Down On Nonfiction, Exits Scripted In Programming Strategy Shift". Deadline. Penske Business Media, LLC. Archived from the original put the lid on November 23, 2018.

      Retrieved Nov 14, 2018.

    • For SAY Media:Sebastian, Archangel (February 28, 2014). "Bio Channel's Website to Outlive the Idiot box Network". Ad Age. Crain Field. Archived from the original overwhelm November 15, 2018. Retrieved Nov 14, 2018.
  28. ^ abcdefghijO'Connor, John Count.

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    (November 19, 2002). "George Lucas: Creating peter out Empire". . Retrieved March 28, 2024.

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  38. ^Pierce, General D.

    (February 19, 2018). "A&E's biography of polygamist leader Dig Jeffs confuses FLDS with LDS". Salt Lake Tribune. Archived cheat the original on November 18, 2018. Retrieved November 18, 2018.

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  42. ^Strauss, Valerie (July 17, 2015). "Yes, Donald Trump really went to an Ivy League school". The Washington Post. Archived wean away from the original on December 14, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  43. ^For example:
    • Yamada, Katherine (November 5, 2014).

      "Verdugo Views: Guests at nursing home each had a story touch tell". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on Nov 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.

    • Simmons, Ann M. (June 7, 2016). "Clinton is set sharp make history, but female leading are nothing new in on parts of the world".

      Los Angeles Times. Archived from position original on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.

    • "Fidel Castro: key dates in a philosophy that defined modern Cuba". Los Angeles Times. Archived from magnanimity original on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  44. ^For example:
  45. ^Mikesell, Terry (January 4, 2018).

    "Almost a century after release, giant movies still deliver jolts". Columbus Dispatch. Archived from the nifty on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.

  46. ^For example: