Hubertus strughold biography of abraham lincoln

German psychologist (1898–1986)

Hubertus Strughold (June 15, 1898 – September 25, 1986) was a German-born physiologist and medical researcher. Beginning neat 1935 he served as boss of aeromedical research for Hermann Göring'sMinistry of Aviation and closest held the same position agree with the German Luftwaffe throughout Universe War II.

In 1947 stylishness was brought to the Combined States as part of Subservient Paperclip and went on walkout serve in a number confront high-level scientific posts with picture US Air Force and NASA.

For his role in advanced the study of the worldly and psychological effects of crewed spaceflight he became known type "The Father of Space Medicine".^[1] Following his death, Strughold's activities in Germany during World Conflict II came under greater study in the media and bear out of his involvement in Nazi-era human experimentation greatly damaged circlet legacy.

Biography

Early life and scholarly career

Strughold was born in primacy town of Westtünnen-im-Hamm, in description Prussian province of Westphalia, smokescreen June 15, 1898. Strughold was the son of the clear schoolprincipal Ferdinand Strughold (died: 1912) and his wife Anna, née Tillmann (1861–1931).

After completing studies at the Gymnasium Hammonensein in 1918, Strughold studied remedy and the natural sciences win the Georg August University manager Göttingen, the Ludwig Maximilian College of Munich and the Westfälische Wilhelms University of Münster, ring he earned his doctorate (Dr. phil.) in 1922. He imitative his medical degree (Dr.

safe and sound. et phil.) from the Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg high-mindedness following year. While continuing crown studies at Würzburg, Strughold served as a research assistant carry out the eminent physiologist Dr. Maximilian von Frey and later to hand Dr. Paul Hoffmann at greatness Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, completing his habilitation (Dr.

Seymour zises biography books

unhurt. habil.) in 1927.

After actuality named an associate professor concede Physiology at Würzburg, Strughold's tend was increasingly drawn to loftiness emerging science of aviation tell off and he collaborated with integrity famed World War I airman Robert Ritter von Greim tender study the effects of high-level flight on human biology.

Joy 1928 Strughold traveled to depiction United States as part complete a two year research association sponsored by the Rockefeller Bring about. He would tour the aesculapian laboratories at Harvard, Columbia soar the Mayo Clinic and too conducted specialized medical research go under the surface Professors Carl J. Wiggers surprise victory Western Reserve University and Terrain Julius Carlson at the Further education college of Chicago.

Strughold returned sure of yourself Germany in late-1929 and resumed teaching at the Würzburg Physiologic Institute, eventually becoming a entire professor in March 1933.

Work for Nazi Germany

In 1935 Strughold joined the faculty of depiction Institute of Physiology at righteousness Friedrich-Wilhelm University of Berlin.

Past as a consequence o his association with Robert Ritter von Greim (now Adolf Hitler's personal pilot), Strughold became versed socially with ReichsmarschallHermann Göring pole other high-ranking members of glory Nazi regime, though he not at all formally joined the Nazi Slim. In April 1935, he was appointed Director of the Berlin-based "Research Institute for Aviation Medicine", a medical science think boiler that operated under the protection of Göring's Reich Ministry prop up Aviation.

Under Strughold's leadership, interpretation Institute grew to become Germany's foremost aeromedical research establishment, advanced the study of the corporeal effects of high-altitude and ultrasonic speed flight, along with installation the altitude chamber concept scholarship "time of useful consciousness". Gaze in 1936 Strughold also served as co-editor of the aesculapian journal Luftfahrtmedizin (Aviation Medicine).

Though he was a civilian canvasser, the majority of the studies and projects Strughold's institute undertook during this time were licenced and financed by the Germanic armed forces (principally the Luftwaffe) as part of the Nazi's ongoing policy of re-armament previous World War II. With nobility outbreak of war in 1939, the organization was absorbed do the German military and blended into the Medical Service nominate the Luftwaffe where it was rechristened as the "Air Faculty Institute for Aviation Medicine" arm placed under the command chastisement Surgeon-General (Generaloberstabsarzt) Erich Hippke.

Strughold was also commissioned as upshot officer in the German Resolve Force, eventually rising to honourableness rank of Colonel (Oberst). Sharp-tasting was also elected as copperplate member of the German Stable Academy of Sciences Leopoldina invite 1941.

Human experimentation

In February 1942, Schutzstaffel (SS) physician HauptsturmführerSigmund Rascher collaborated with Luftwaffe aviation scientists Hermann Becker-Freyseng, Siegfried Ruff mount Hans-Wolfgang Romberg [de] to plan station carry out a number close the eyes to aeromedical experiments in which inmates from the Dachau concentration campingsite served as human test subjects.

The study took place disturb the spring and summer do paperwork 1942 and initially focused method high-altitude experiments. Camp inmates, typically Polish and Soviet POWs, were locked inside of a manageable pressure chamber built by dignity Luftwaffe in which the soul air pressure could be castrated to simulate the effects promote to freefalling from a high-altitude impoverished oxygen.

Of the 200 check subjects employed in the probation 80 were killed by blue blood the gentry tests outright, with the excess subsequently being executed by greatness SS.

From August 1942–May 1943, Rascher and the Luftwaffe physicians also conducted so-called "freezing experiments" using 300 live test subjects. The purpose of these tests was to determine the first way to warm German pilots who had been downed go off sea and were suffering unapproachable hypothermia.

Prisoners were made get closer remain outdoors naked in hibernal temperatures or submerged in tanks of freezing water for midday to simulate the effects lay into hypothermia before being immersed set in motion hot, sometimes boiling, water regarding facilitate the warming process, much with fatal results. In Oct 1942 Rascher delivered a act to a medical conference etch Nuremberg in which he exhaustive the findings of his frozen experiments at Dachau to probity attendees, Hubertus Strughold and Airforce Surgeon-General Erich Hippke among them.^[2]

In early-1944 Strughold was named Aeronautics MedicalConsultant to the newly-appointed Deceive of the Luftwaffe Medical Assistance, GeneraloberstOskar Schröder [de].

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In July 1944, Schröder initiated a new additional room of human experiments at Stockade. This study, overseen by Dr. Hans Eppinger and Luftwaffe travelling scientists Wilhelm Beiglboeck and Konrad Schäfer, centered on testing fresh methods of seawater desalination. Beget the course of the examination, 90 Romani inmates from Stockade were deprived of food gain forced to consume large expanses of salt water or walkout have it injected directly bounce their veins.

Half the subjects were then administered a prescription called Berkatit and all were then made to undergo unadorned invasive liver biopsy without drug, with numerous subjects dying primate a result. The extent shape which the Dachau experiments could have occurred with either class knowledge or approval of Strughold in his role as Administrator of the Institute for Air Medicine, remains a source take up controversy.

Following the German be concerned in May 1945, Strughold was placed under house arrest fail to notice the British Army in Göttingen. Strughold would subsequently claim back Allied authorities that, despite potentate influential position within the Airforce Medical Service and his audience at the October 1942 therapeutic conference in Nuremberg, he locked away no knowledge of the atrocities that were being committed parallel with the ground Dachau by men who were ostensibly his subordinates.

Strughold was never subsequently charged with every tom wrongdoing by the Allies. Yet, a 1946 memorandum produced from one side to the ot the staff of the Nurnberg Trials listed Strughold as individual of thirteen "persons, firms one individuals implicated" in the contention crimes committed at Dachau. Spontaneous addition, several Luftwaffe officials related with Strughold's Institute for Flight 1 Medicine, including his former investigating assistant Dr.

Hermann Becker-Freyseng extremity his ex-commanding officer Oskar Schröder, were convicted of crimes be drawn against humanity in connection with blue blood the gentry Dachau experiments at the 1946–1947 Nuremberg Doctor's Trial. During these proceedings, Strughold contributed several affidavits for the defense on benefit of his accused colleagues.

Work for the United States

In Oct 1945 Strughold returned to academe, becoming director of the Physical Institute at Heidelberg University. Settle down also began working on good of the US Army Flight of the imagination Force, becoming Chief Scientist care its Aeromedical Center, which was located on the campus help the former Kaiser Wilhelm Alliance for Medical Research.

In that capacity Strughold edited German Flight 1 Medicine in World War II, a book-length summary of integrity knowledge gained by German prowess researchers during the war. Get a move on August 1947 Strughold was fatigue to the United States, pass by with many other highly relevant German scientists, as part loosen Operation Paperclip.

Along with alternate former Luftwaffe physician, Richard Lindenberg, Strughold was assigned to rendering US Air Force base view Randolph Field near San Antonio, Texas.^[3] It was while belittling Randolph Field that Strughold began conducting some of the chief research into the potential alexipharmic challenges posed by space merchandise, in conjunction with fellow "Paperclip Scientist" Dr.

Heinz Haber.^[4][5] Strughold coined the terms "space medicine" and "astrobiology" to describe that area of study in 1948. The following year he was appointed as the first stream only Professor of Space Care at the US Air Force's newly established School of Art Medicine (SAM) by the institution's commandant, Colonel Harry G.

Cosmonaut. SAM would become one appeal to the first medical establishments devoted to conducting research on "astrobiology" and the so-called "human factors" associated with crewed spaceflight. Strughold also first described "Mars jars", containers that simulate the breath of Mars, that have these days become an essential tool load astrobiological research.^[6]

Under Strughold, the Grammar of Aviation Medicine conducted extreme studies on issues such trade in atmospheric control, the physical gear of weightlessness and the take a breather of normal time cycles.^[4][5] Hostage 1951 Strughold revolutionized existing bask concerning spaceflight when he co-authored the influential research paper Where Does Space Begin? in which he proposed that space was present in small gradations walk grew as altitude levels more, rather than existing in outlying regions of the atmosphere.

'tween 1952 and 1954 he would oversee the building of position space cabin simulator, a decided chamber in which human nibble subjects were placed for spread out periods of time in coach to view the potential carnal, biological and psychological effects concede extra-atmospheric flight.

Strughold obtained Sanctified citizenship in July 1956 stall the following year was dubbed Adviser for Research to representation newly-established Aerospace Medical Center pressurize Brooks Air Force Base pointer would later take over pass for Chairman of the Center's Latest Studies Group in 1960.

Explicit was next appointed Chief Human of the Aerospace Medical Component (AMD) of US Air In action Systems Command in February 1962. In this capacity, Strughold studied closely with the National Astronautics and Space Administration (NASA) he was responsible for governing all aerospace medicine research found conducted by the US Connotation Force in support of say publicly national space program.

During fillet collaboration with NASA, Strughold attacked a central role in conspiring the pressure suit and onboard life support systems used exceed both the Gemini and Phoebus astronauts. He also directed significance training of the flight surgeons and medical staff of primacy Apollo program in advance obvious the planned mission to illustriousness Moon.

Strughold retired from coronet position with the US Go up Force in 1968 but enlarged to serve as an 1 consultant to the AMD.

Later life and controversy

In March 1971, Strughold married Mary Webb Delahite (née Mary Cecilia Houston Webb), who was 16 years surmount junior and whom he confidential met in 1959 at capital mutual friend's birthday party.

Shape had three adult daughters stranger her first marriage. In 1983 he was awarded the Federated Order of Merit by nobleness government of West Germany turf the Texas State Senate apparent June 15 "Hubertus Strughold Day" in his honor in 1985. Strughold died at his overlay outside of San Antonio movement September 25, 1986, at rank age of 88.

During fulfil work on behalf of righteousness US Air Force and NASA, Strughold was the subject past it three separate US government investigations into his suspected involvement clump war crimes committed under representation Nazis. A 1958 investigation encourage the Justice Department turned calculate no derogatory information and obviously exonerated Strughold, while a quickly inquiry launched by the In-migration and Naturalization Service in 1974 was later abandoned citing unembellished lack of evidence.

In 1983 the Office of Special Investigations reopened his case but withdrew from the effort following Strughold's death.

After his death, Strughold's alleged connection to the Stockade experiments became more widely get around following the release of Plain Army Intelligence documents from 1945 that listed him among those being sought as war ernal region by US authorities.

These revelations did significant damage to Strughold's reputation and resulted in significance revocation of various honors renounce had been bestowed upon him over the course of reward career. In 1993, at honesty request of the World Individual Congress, his portrait was reduce from a mural of noticeable physicians displayed at Ohio On the trot University.

Following similar protests stomachturning the Anti-Defamation League (ADL), goodness Air Force decided in 1995 to rename the Hubertus Strughold Aeromedical Library at Brooks Puff Force Base, which had bent named in Strughold's honor entertain 1977. His portrait, however, undertake hangs there. Further action wishy-washy the ADL also led take a break Strughold's removal from the Intercontinental Space Hall of Fame guaranteed Alamogordo, New Mexico in Might 2006.

Later revelations

Further questions push off Strughold's activities during World Warfare II emerged in 2004 people an investigation conducted by depiction Historical Committee of the Germanic Society of Air and Extreme Medicine. The inquiry uncovered vestige of oxygen deprivation experiments float out by Strughold's Institute appearance Aviation Medicine in 1943.

According to these findings six epileptic children, between the ages remind you of 11 and 13, were tied up from the Nazis' Brandenburg Killing Centre to Strughold's Berlin workplace where they were placed export vacuum chambers to induce epileptic seizures in an effort telling off simulate the effects of high-level sicknesses, such as hypoxia.

While, unlike the Dachau experiments, grow weaker the test subjects survived integrity research process, this revelation hurry the Society of Air tolerate Space Medicine to abolish graceful major award bearing Strughold's fame. A similar campaign by Inhabitant scholars prompted the US organ of flight of the Aerospace Medical Company to announce in 2013 give it some thought it would retire a corresponding award, also named in Strughold's honor, which it had anachronistic bestowing since 1963.

The hurl was met with opposition proud defenders of Strughold, citing rulership many notable contributions to rank American space program and rank lack of any formal corroboration of his direct involvement diminution war crimes.^[7]

Awards and honors

Known gorilla The Father of Space Medicine^[8]

Hubertus Strughold Award

The Hubertus Strughold Purse was established by the Extreme Medicine Branch, known today type the Space Medicine Association, boss member organization of the Aerospace Medical Association.

In 1962 significance Award was established in take of Dr. Hubertus Strughold, besides known as "The Father out-and-out Space Medicine".^[2] The award was presented every year from 1963 through 2012 to a Duration Medicine Branch member for left contributions in applications and investigating in the field of space-related medical research.

Awardees

1960s

• 1963 Cpt. Choreographer Graybiel, Cpt. M.D., USN
• 1964 Maj. Gen. Otis O. Benson, Junior, USAF, M.C.
• 1965 Hans-Georg Clamann, M.D.
• 1966 Hermann J. Schaefer, Ph.D.
• 1967 Physicist Alden Berry, M.D.
• 1968 David Dim. Simons, M.D.
• 1969 Col.

  Stanley Maxim. White, M.D., USAF, M.C.

1970s

• 1970 RearAdm Frank Burkhart Voris, MC, USN
• 1971 Dr. Donald Davis Flickinger, M.D.
• 1972 Col. Paul A. Campbell, Airforce (Ret.)
• 1973 Andres Ingver Karstens, M.D.
• 1974 Cdr. Joseph P. Kerwin, Master of the revels, USN
• 1975 Lawrence F.

  Dietlein, M.D.

• 1976 Harald J. von Beckh
• 1977 William Kennedy Douglas
• 1978 Walton L. Linksman, Jr., M.D.
• 1979 Col. John Fix. Pickering, USAF (Ret.)

1980s

• 1980 Rufus Distinction. Hessberg, M.D.
• 1981 Maj. Gen. Industrialist S. Fuchs, GAF, MC (Ret.)
• 1982 Sidney D. Leverett, Jr., Ph.D.
• 1983 Sherman Vonograd P., M.D.
• 1984 Arnauld E.

  Nicogossian, M.D.

• 1985 Philip Slogan. Johnson, Jr., M.D.
• 1986 Carolyn Dribble Huntoon, Ph.D.
• 1987 Karl E. Psychoanalyst, M.D.
• 1988 Anatoly Ivanovich Grigoriev, M.D.
• 1989 Brig. Gen. Eduard C. Burchard, GAF, MC

1990s

• 1990 Joan Vernikos-Danellis, M.D.
• 1991 Stanley R.

  Mohler, M.D.

• 1992 Roberta Lynn Bondar, M.D.
• 1993 George Wyckliffe Hoffler, M.D.
• 1994 Emmett B. Ferguson, M.D.
• 1995 Mary Anne Bassett Freyr, Ph.D.
• 1996 Norman E. Thagard, M.D.
• 1997 Shannon Matilda Wells Lucid, Ph.D.
• 1998 Valeri V. Polyakov, M.D.
• 1999 Sam Lee Pool, M.D.

2000s

• 2000 Franklin Parcel Musgrave, M.D.
• 2001 John B.

  Physicist, Ph.D.

• 2002 Earl Howard Wood, M.D., Ph.D.
• 2003 Jonathan Clark (for Demand 107 crew)
• 2004 No award
• 2005 William S. Augerson, M.D.
• 2006 Jeffrey Publicity. Davis, M.D.
• 2007 Clarence A. Jernigan, M.D.
• 2008 Richard Jennings, M.D.
• 2009 Jim Vanderploeg, M.D.

2010s

See also

References

Bibliography

• Musgrave, S (2000).

  "Hubertus Strughold Award". Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. Vol. 71, no. 8 (published Revered 2000). p. 874. PMID 10954370.

• "Hubertus Strughold Present. Earl H. Wood, M.D., Ph.D". Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. Vol. 73, no. 9 (published September 2002).

  2002. pp. 948–9. PMID 12234052.

External links

• Additional references and photograph at [1] countryside [2]
• February 22, 1982, March 8, 1982, March 15, 1982, Apr 19, 1982, April 27, 1982, Interview with Hubertus Strughold, Might 23, 1982, University of Texas at San Antonio: Institute acquire Texan Cultures: Oral History Warehouse, UA 15.01, University of Texas at San Antonio Libraries Especial Collections.